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UDC 628.35

Esin M. A., Smirnov Aleksandr Vladimirovich, Sokolov A. N.

Commissioning – the key stage of putting treatment facilities into operation

Summary

The issues related to the commissioning of the equipment and wastewater treatment facilities are considered. A brief review of the history of commissioning the facilities in the Soviet Union and in present day Russia is given. The problem areas of adjusting every equipment assembly, the algorithm of work performance and the required results are shown. The attainment of sustainable performance is provided by quality and skilled commissioning. Correct visual evaluation of the equipment state carried out during the acceptance for commissioning procedure is very important. Nonobserved defects and faults in the process line will cause fast assembly fail which can result in an accident. The principles of «My Project» Company activities related to commissioning are presented. Special attention is paid to adjusting biological treatment in aeration tanks: from the front end engineering to the routine maintenance of the assembly.

Key words

wastewater , biological treatment , mechanical treatment , aftertreatment , facilities reconstruction , commissioning , erection supervision

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UDC 628.35

Iavtushenko Marina, Tarasova O. V., Rouzayev V. I., Belyaeva S. D., Bibyaev A. V., Belyaev M. A.

Commissioning the upgraded biological treatment plant at the Podolsk wastewater treatment facilities

Summary

The results of commissioning the upgraded biological treatment plant at the Podolsk wastewater treatment facilities are presented. The start up of the basic equipment, mixers and recycle pumps installed in anaerobic and anoxic zones; the secondary settler equipment; the new Korean NEUROS NХ-300 air blowers was carried out. The tertiary treatment unit washing regime during commissioning was defined. Commissioning of the UV-disinfection plant was carried out. The operational parameters of the treatment facilities were monitored by the automatic analyzers and sensors data; the laboratory control was carried out as well. Exceeding the incoming wastewater flow compared to the design value was noted; exceeding suspended solids and phosphate concentrations in the incoming wastewater was registered. However, despite the excess of the incoming wastewater flow and increased concentration of pollutants, the treatment facilities ensure advanced elimination of organic matter and nutrients.

Key words

disinfection , reconstruction , wastewater , dephosphatization , aftertreatment , biological treatment plant , nitri-denitrification , in-process control , active sludge dosage , dissolved oxygen

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UDC 574.58

Rublevskaya O. N., Pozdniakov Sh. R.

Tackling the problem of bacterial pollution of water bodies in St. Petersburg

Summary

The integrated waterway system «Lake Ladoga – the Neva River – the Gulf of Finland» has been the main water source, effluent receiving water body and the main recreation zone of St. Petersburg. SUE «Vodokanal of St. Petersburg» alongside with reducing nutrient load on the Baltic Sea has been tackling the problems of bacterial pollution of the Waterway system with the purpose of expanding the water use and recreation zones within the frames of Russia meeting the international commitments arising from the Helsinki Convention. Therefore the issues of sanitary and epidemiologic safety of the water bodies have been the most important for St. Petersburg. Beginning from 2011 Vodokanal has been carrying out annual control of the water quality in the Neva River from the headstream to the estuary. The purpose of this control is monitoring microbiological and chemical parameters as well as detecting the main pollution sources. The causes of bacterial pollution of the water bodies of St. Petersburg are considered. Implementing the programs of SUE «Vodokanal of St. Petersburg» by 2022 will provide for the complete elimination of discharging raw wastewater from the direct outfalls into the Neva River and in future stop discharging nondisinfected effluents of the wastewater treatment facilities into the Neva River, Neva Bay and eastern part of the Gulf of Finland.

Key words

disinfection , wastewater , viruses , water object , bacterial pollution , microbiological quality parameters

DOI 10.35776/MNP.2020.01.07
UDC 628.316.12:546.1:665.753.4

Kofman V. Ya.

Development of promising methods of wastewater treatment with energy recuperation in China and India (a review)

Summary

In China, active research is underway for developing a technology for excess activated sludge fermentation to obtain hydrogen. The process of anaerobic fermentation includes three main stages: hydrolysis, formation of hydrogen and acids, and methane generation. At the hydrolysis stage, the formation of low-molecular substances from high-molecular starch, fibers and proteins. At the stage of the hydrogen and acids formation hydrogenogenic and acetogenic bacteria ensure the fermentation of low-molecular substances with the formation of a number of organic acids, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. At the stage of methane generation, methanogenic bacteria metabolize the products formed in the previous stages with the release of methane and carbon dioxide. As a result, hydrogen can be obtained only by inhibiting the activity of methanogenic bacteria eliminating the impact on the activity of hydrogenogenic bacteria. Considering these circumstances methods are being developed to enhance the production of biohydrogen. The main efforts in this area aim at finding strains with high efficiency of anaerobic fermentation. Another direction is choosing a method of activated sludge pre-treatment from among thermal, acid, alkaline, microwave treatment, sterilization and ultrasonic treatment. Significant prospects are associated with the use of a consortium of microorganisms and mixed substrate containing, along with wastewater sludge, food waste, straw or manure. In India, the technologies of processing various types of industrial wastewater with the production of biomass enriched with lipids for the subsequent production of biodiesel have been on the march. The studies have been performed using Rhodococcus opacus bacteria, Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae yeast and Desmodesmus sp microalgae.

Key words

wastewater , surplus active silt , biodiesel fuel , biohydrogen , anaerobic fermentation , hydrogeonogenic bacteria , Rhodococcus opacus bacteria , Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae yeast , Desmodesmus sp. microalgae , intracellular lipid accumulation

DOI 10.35776/VST.2021.10.05
UDC 66.063.8

Grigor’eva Anastasiia, Abiev Rufat, Lobanov Fedor, Тарарыков Олег Юрьевич

Developing efficient methods of mixing during chemical treatment of wastewater suspension

Summary

In recent years the problem of wastewater sludge disposal has become more and more urgent for the municipal economy. The results of a study of the process of sludge suspending with Dezolak, a lime-containing agent, are presented; the size of solid inclusions is determined to provide for calculating the required rotation speed of the mixing device: the average Sauter particle diameter was 55 μm, the density of the solid phase was 2211 kg/m³. For effective chemical suspending the angular velocity of the mixer should be more than 0.03 m/s. The main similarity criteria for scaling the apparatus were investigated; it was determined that while choosing a mixer, the Froude criterion Fr should be taken into account, since that very indicator was practically constant for the three investigated reactors. Based on the work done, it was determined that the ratio of power to the volume of the mixed liquid cannot be a criterion for calculating devices equipped with GMS mixing devices: for these mixers, a decrease in the mixing power with an increase in the size of the device is valid.

Key words

wastewater , mixer , sludge utilization , lime mixing , lime-containing chemical

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UDC 628.147.22:576.8

Vasilyev V. M., PANKOVA G. A., Stolbikhin Iu. V.

Deterioration of sewage tunnels and in-line structures as a result of microbiologic corrosion

Summary

The process of microbiology corrosion of sewers and structures was considered; corrosion protection is a most expensive issue in operating wastewater facilities. General cost of rehabilitating corroded structures amounts to billions euro annually. The present-day concept of a complicated microbiologic corrosion process affected by a great number of different factors such as higher turbulence, and as a result high degree of wastewater flow degassing, is presented. The main indicator of the problem, i. e. concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the ambient air of the structure, is determined. The results of sewer wells inspection in St. Petersburg and their analysis are presented. The high rate of corrosion and extreme operating conditions of No. 10 sewer well are recorded.

Key words

wastewater , sewer , microbiologic corrosion , reinforced concrete

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UDC 628.35:66.081.63

Stepanov S. V.

Calculation of membrane surface in membrane bioreactors

Summary

On the basis of the foreign publications analysis membrane bioreactors and membranes used in them are considered. In pressure units with a remote membrane assembly the specific flow through the membrane (at 20°C) is 80–200 l/(h∙m²) at 20–500 kPa transmembrane pressure; whereas in the units with submerged membranes – 8–30 l/(h∙m²) at 10–60 kPa vacuum. The specific power consumption in bioreactors with pressure membranes is within the limits of 1.5–4 kW·h/m³; with submerged membranes – 0.5–0.7 kW·h/m³. The results of analyzing the equipment market showed that submerged membrane elements and modules have been used in 97–99% biomembrane units. The comparison of submerged membranes shows that modules made of hollow fiber membranes have higher specific surface (300–600 m²/m³) compared to flat ones (50–150 m²/m³). Hollow fiber membranes are characterized by lower cost, higher resistance to fouling and backwashing. Flat membranes have higher mechanical toughness and can be more easily replaced. The operation of membrane batch bioreactors, the use of osmotic membrane bioreactor and nanofiltration processes in biomembrane technology are described. The technique of calculating submerged hollow fiber membrane surface with account of various allowed specific flows depending upon the durability of the design flows, time lost for backwashing and «relaxation», reflux from membrane backwashing is presented. At determining the number of the operating in parallel process lines one should take into account possible shutdown of one membrane tank for chemical washing or repair.

Key words

wastewater , biological treatment , transmembrane pressure , power consumption , membrane bioreactor , specific flow

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UDC 504.064.4:542.63

Palagin Evgenii, Bykova P. G., Gridneva M. A.

Calculation of the dilution rate in regulating effluent discharge
to water bodies

Summary

Effluent dilution is one of the methods of reducing the concentration of pollutants in water courses and water bodies. Dilution is quantitatively characterized by the dilution ratio of the discharged effluents. The current technique of developing the standards of permissible effluent discharges allows the use of different methods of calculating the dilution rate for water bodies; however their number is substantially less that the number of the methods developed for water courses. The hydraulic mode of water bodies differs significantly from the hydraulic mode of water courses and has a number of specific features that should be taken into account in the process of calculating the dilution rate. In water reservoirs and lakes both discharge and wind currents can occur that emerge under the wind impact that sets the upper water layers in motion that is transferred to the lower layers. This motion creates water setdown from one place to another causing water surface decline and inflow from the depth or from the adjacent water body zones; and also forming the compensating (gradient) current oppositely directed to the surface one. The methods of calculating the dilution ratio of the effluents discharged into water bodies and lakes are presented. The results of calculations for several options of the reference conditions are quoted. The limitations of using different methods are described. The necessary adjustments and recommendations for calculations of the general effluent dilution with account of the initial one are given. The conclusions are made related to the necessity of further developing and improving the methods of calculating the dilution ratio that take into account the specific conditions and size of water bodies.

Key words

wastewater , reservoir , discharge regulation , dilution ratio , water body , outfall

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UDC 628.35:661.5

SHVETSOV V. N., MOROZOVA K. M.

Procedure of designing wastewater biological treatment facilities
with nutrients removal

Summary

The procedure of designing wastewater biological treatment facilities with nitrification-denitrification is presented. Biological treatment facilities shall be designed on the basis of experimentally determined kinetic constants, nitrification and denitrification process factors, and for every limiting value depending on the requirements to the quality of treatment. Kinetic constants and factors required for designing municipal wastewater treatment facilities are given. Design algorithm is set out including the following stages: substantiation of the initial data on flow rates and qualitative wastewater composition according to the required level of reliability (more than 85–90% probability); selection of the process flow scheme – number of steps and(or) stages, operation procedure and lay out; determination of kinetic constants of equations of enzyme kinetics of every basic pollution component transformation from experimental data or from the available data base; preliminary calculation of excess activated sludge volume and adjustment of nitrogen and phosphorus mass balance; determination of limiting pollution component that needs maximum time to be oxidized; calculation of the facility capacity by limiting component with determination of the treatment level for other pollution components. The results of the long-term experimental studies of nitrification-denitrification processes with different types of municipal and industrial wastewater provide for supplementing the method of aeration tank design specified in SNiP 2.04.03-85 with formulae and data for design and optimization of aeration tank operation with nitrogen and phosphorus removal.

Key words

wastewater , biological treatment , nitrification , activated sludge , kinetic constants , denitrification

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UDC 628.35:661.5/.63.001.2

SHVETSOV V. N., MOROZOVA K. M., Domnin K. V., Arkhipova Elena

Designing nitrification-denitrification retrofit at the biological treatment facilities

Summary

The results of studies carried out at the Khabarovsk wastewater treatment facilities are presented. The developed process flow sheet of wastewater biological treatment included nitrification-denitrification processes to eliminate nitrogen compounds according to the set standards. The process flow sheet provided for retrofitting dephosphatation zone to ensure maximum level of phosphorus removal at the biological treatment stage in order to reduce chemical consumption at the subsequent treatment stages. The process design of the biological treatment facilities was carried out.

Key words

treatment facilities , wastewater , nitrification , dephosphatization , activated sludge , denitrification

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UDC 628.35

Mishukov B. G., Murashev S. V.

Calculation of low-capacity plants with membrane filtration  for biological wastewater treatment

Summary

The calculation of standard series of plants for biological treatment of wastewater is set. The plants include a fermentation settling tank and a membrane bioreactor. The method has been approbated for calculating the plants with a capacity less than 500 m³/day. It was determined that increasing the activated sludge dosage from 3 to 5 g/l provided for 1.5 reduction of the size of the treatment facilities; at that increasing the activated sludge dosage more than 3-fold (more than 8 g/l was inexpedient. The size of the plants for 3 and 5 g/l activated sludge dosages with account of 25% volume increase (with correction for reliability) is given. The use of the suggested process flow scheme provides for increasing the efficiency of wastewater treatment. The effluent quality parameters approach the maximum permissible sanitary-hygienic regulations for the discharge into fishery water bodies. At that the use of chemicals for nutrients removal is not foreseen. The use of membrane filtration provides for equalizing and enhancing biological processes by means of possible increase of activated sludge concentration, and also for reducing the size of the plant, increasing the efficiency of wastewater treatment by means of enhanced removal of suspended solids.

Key words

wastewater , biological treatment , nitrification , denitrification , membrane filtration , dephosphorization

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УДК 628.356

Berezin S. E., Ovseichuk B. V., Ustiuzhanin A. V.

Air flow control in wastewater treatment

Summary

Energy consumption for the treatment and transportation of 1 m³ drinking water and wastewater in Russia is several times higher compared to the developed countries; whereas the capital investments are several times lower. This fact determines the advisability of investing into water and wastewater projects with the highest energy saving potential. This potential can be realized through the control of energy intensive units in line with diurnal and seasonal changes in water consumption and amount of wastewater removed. Up to 50% of electrical energy consumed by wastewater management is accounted for air blowers. Adjusting their operation can reduce energy consumption by 35%. Air flow control is an economically efficient measure both in the terms of energy consumption and return on investments in wastewater management. Three main methods of air supply for aeration are considered: throttling with a baffler at the suction nozzle of the air blower; adjusting the shaft speed with a variable-speed drive; adjusting the angle of the air flow attack before and after the impeller with the help of turning vanes installed inside the air blower. For comparison, e. g. in Germany, controlled air blowers are used at 390 wastewater treatment facilities in 145 cities. But in Russia from 297 cities with more than 50 thousand population they are used only at 15–20 wastewater treatment facilities. Instead, low efficient adjustment of sewage pumps in RF is used more often than in energy efficient countries. From global best practices the use of controlled air blowers instead of regular ones was paid off during 2–4 years at numerous facilities.

Key words

wastewater , aeration , pumping station , water supply-sewerage services , frequency-regulated electric drive , air blower

DOI 10.35776/VST.2022.09.05
UDC 628.35

Stepanov S. V., Avdeenkov Pavel, Ponomarenko Ol’ga, MOROZOVA K. M.

Results of studies of biological wastewater treatment of an egg processing enterprise

Summary

Biological treatment of wastewater of an enterprise for enhanced processing of chicken eggs in a batch reactor (SBR) has been studied. The treatment of both raw and pre-coagulated wastewater under aerobic and anoxic-aerobic conditions was studied in a 5-liter experimental unit for four months. In the course of the experiment in the treatment of raw wastewater with an average COD sludge load of 0.18 g/(g·day), average concentrations of pollution in the effluent were obtained, mg/l: COD – 253, BOD_total – 58.4, suspended solids – 11, ammonia nitrogen – 2.1, nitrite nitrogen – 0.06. The average values of the specific rate of oxidation of organic substances as COD, normalized to 20°С, amounted to 9.8 mg/(g·h); as BOD_total 7.2 mg/(g·h). While operating SBR with wastewater after physical and chemical treatment, with an average COD load of sludge of 0.15 g/(g·day), the effluent was characterized by the following average values, mg/l: COD – 99; BOD_total – 15.4; suspended solids – 10; N–NH₄ – 1; N–NO₂ – 0.04. The average values of the specific rate of oxidation of organic substances as COD at 20°С turned out to be 8.3 mg/(g·h) and as BOD_total – 5.7 mg/(g·h). The concentrations of nitrogen nitrates in the effluent in two anoxic phases in the SBR cycle averaged as follows: during raw wastewater treatment – 21.7 mg/l, and during pre-coagulated wastewater treatment – 15 mg/l.

Key words

wastewater , biological treatment , food industry , egg processing enterprise , batch reactor

DOI 10.35776/VST.2022.12.04
UDC 628.35

Stepanov S. V., Avdeenkov Pavel, Ponomarenko Ol’ga, MOROZOVA K. M.

Results of studying biological treatment of wastewater of an egg processing enterprise in a pilot membrane bioreactor

Summary

The results of studies on the biological treatment of wastewater of an enterprise for advanced processing of chicken eggs in a pilot membrane bioreactor (MBR) with preliminary denitrification are presented. It is shown that the key indicator of pollution the treatment facilities shall be calculated on is BOD_total. At loads on the ash-free basis of activated sludge according to BOD_total from 0.06 to 0.125g/(g·day) for raw wastewater and from 0.04 to 0.12g/(g·day) for wastewater after preliminary coagulation and settling, BOD_total of permeate was 8–12 mg/l, and the concentrations of ammonium and nitrite met the MPC for fishery water bodies. The minimum recirculation that provided for the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in the effluent at the MPC level, turned out to be eight-fold for raw wastewater and six-fold for the pre-coagulated one. The inert part of COD was about 90 mg/l. On the basis of the executed studies the kinetic constants of the oxidation of organic substances required for the calculation of industrial biological treatment facilities were determined: ρ´_max for BOD_total – 29.9 and 30.4 mg/(g·h), K_m for BOD_total – 34.7 and 25.2 mg/l for raw wastewater and wastewater after preliminary physical and chemical treatment, respectively. The total volumes of bioreactors with a capacity of 600m³/day, operating with an activated sludge dose of 8 g/l according to the MBR technology with preliminary denitrification, while providing for the treatment level of BOD_tot of 12 mg/l and removing nitrogen compounds to the MPC for fishery water bodies, amounted to 3716 and 1643m³ for raw wastewater and wastewater after preliminary physical and chemical treatment, respectively.

Key words

wastewater , biological treatment , kinetic constants , membrane bioreactor , food industry , egg processing enterprise

UDC 628.316.12
DOI 10.35776/VST.2023.11.05

Stepanov S. V., Panfilova O. N., Doubman I. S.

Results of studying the removal of heavy metal ions from industrial wastewater

Summary

The results of studies on the removal of heavy metal ions from acid-base wastewater of electroplating industry by neutralization, sedimentation and filtration are presented. During a laboratory experiment carried out with processing real acid-base wastewater of one of the enterprises in Samara with caustic soda, the optimal pH range found was 9.8–10.6. Using a flow through model of a vertical settling tank, the calculated hydraulic size of the suspension generated during the alkalization of the given wastewater category was determined that can be taken as 0.28 mm/s. The level of heavy metal ion removal in the process of galvanic wastewater treatment according to the flow scheme «pH adjustment – settling tank – filter with granular media» was experimentally determined in mg/l as: total iron 0.42–0.97; copper 0.028–0.087; nickel 0.016–0.073; zinc 0.047–0.28; cadmium 0.006–0.016. At the same time, the requirements for receiving industrial effluents into the Samara municipal sewer were met only for iron; whereas, the concentrations of other metals ranged from 0.85 to 13.3 shares of the permissible concentrations; therefore, in order to achieve the established standards, additional treatment was required, for example, by sorption.

Key words

wastewater , hydraulic size , filtration , galvanic production , heavy metal ions , neutralization

DOI 10.35776/VST.2022.05.04
UDC 628.345

Stepanov S. V., Avdeenkov Pavel, Ponomarenko Ol’ga, MOROZOVA K. M.

The results of studies of physical and chemical wastewater treatment of an egg processing enterprise

Summary

The composition of wastewater of an enterprise for advanced processing of chicken eggs characterized by the following parameters: COD 3,600–12,200mg/l, concentration of suspended solids 1,206–3,031 mg/l, BOD_total 2,534–8,540 mg/l, no phosphates, pH 5.4– 13.2 was studied. The concentration of nitrogen compounds, mg/l, varied within the following ranges: ammonium – 0.4–11.4; nitrates – 0–15.3; nitrites – 0–7.3; organic nitrogen – 26.6–89.7. Based on the results of test coagulation, the optimal coagulant chosen was low-basic polyaluminum chloride brand «Aqua-AuratTM-14» with a dose of 125 mg/l as Al₂O₃. The average treatment efficiency while using this coagulant was, %: for COD – 77.3; for BODtotal – 76.3; for suspended solids – 80.1; for organic nitrogen – 58.7. The lowest concentration of residual aluminum 0.31 mg/l at the initial concentration of 0.29 mg/l corresponded to pH 6.7–7. Unit costs for the coagulant amounted to 9.37 rubles/m³.

Key words

wastewater , coagulation , aluminium polyoxychloride , food industry , physical and chemical treatment , egg processing enterprise

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UDC 628.336.31.004.69

Karmazinov F. V., Grebenskaia T. M., PANKOVA G. A., Mikhailov D. M., Lominoga O. A., Il'in Iu. A., IGNATCHIK V. S., Ignatchik S. Iu.

Upgrade of the sludge treatment facilities of the Petrodvorets wastewater treatment plant

Summary

The results of upgrading the Petrodvorets wastewater treatment plant, and the sludge treatment facilities, in particular, are presented. The upgrade provided for the following effluent parameters, mg/l: suspended solids < 5.2; BOD5 3.7; total nitrogen 5.5; total phosphorus < 0.5. The process flow scheme includes separate sludge thickening, dewatering in centrifuges, and transportation by spiral conveyor to special storage hopper with unloading devices. The system of pum­ping sludge out of primary settling tanks was left unchanged with the use of NN-50/25 pumps. Separately thickened raw primary sludge and excess activated sludge from secondary settling tanks are conveyed to the mixing chamber. Separately thickened sludges enter the sludge tank of the sludge treatment system. From pilot experiments Flottweg Z4E-4/454 centrifuges were selected for sludge dewatering. Improving cake dryness is provided by special design of the Z4E-4/454 centrifuge bowl and by maintaining high torque generated by the scroll. Dewatered sludge is transported to the storage tank by spiral conveyors. An outfeed assembly includes two storage hoppers equipped with outfeed bottom plates that have outfeed openings with overlapping devices installed on them, and horizontal scrolls with drives for transporting dewatered sludge into the outfeed openings. It was found that the upgrade of the sludge treatment facilities provided
for 72.5–75.2% sludge moisture at 99.7% dry solids capture rate. High level of dewatering process automation allows minimizing manual labor, cake loading into trucks for transportation to wastewater sludge incineration facilities of St. Petersburg for utilization.

Key words

wastewater , pumping station , aeration tank , sewerage treatment facilities , sludge , thickener , screw conveyor , scroll , storage hopper , outfeed device

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UDC 628.15:504.054

Bagaev Iurii, Shipulin Roman, Gundyreva Tat’iana

Reforming the system of wastewater discharge regulation –
an absolute necessity

Summary

The existing system of regulating wastewater discharges has a number of essential faults and requires revision. It is wise to compile the list of regulated pollutants on principle of ensuring the standard water quality of the water body at the monitoring section downstream of the discharge outlet. It is suggested to limit this list by excluding substances with the concentrations less than 0.3 MPC. The optimal alternative is differentiating microbiological parameters of the discharge by the type and ecological state of the receiving waters. Provision 6.1 of Appendix 1 «Methods of determining maximum permissible discharge of substances and microorganisms into water bodies for water users» declaring that discharging substances not included into the approved list is prohibited shall be excluded. The attempts to establish maximum stringent discharge standards according to the existing regulation system result in ineffective investing big financial means in advanced effluent treatment. By analogy with foreign countries it would be reasonable to introduce regulation on technological principle with due account for the ecological state of receiving waters. The recommended technological standards for municipal effluent discharges as applied to three categories of water bodies are presented: water courses with intensive water exchange; water reservoirs and low water courses; water courses exposed to eutrophication. Adoption and approval of the suggested technological standards are very important for the water and wastewater utilities.

Ключевые слова

wastewater , standard of allowable discharge , pollutants , technological rate setting , discharge regulation , technological effluent standards

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UDC 628.35:62-278

Pervov A. G.

Solving the problem of waste discharge of stand-alone industrial facilities

Summary

Advanced technologies of wastewater non-biological treatment with reverse osmosis are presented. Formation of concentrate in the process of reverse osmosis is a most difficult problem. The suggested technology provides for the reduction of concentrate flow to less than 1% of the total waste flow subjected to treatment (corresponding to the activated sludge flow removed to sludge beds at biological treatment facilities). Since the concentrate flow depends on the salt concentration in wastewater to be treated it is recommended to supply water with low salt concentration to the water supply system of the facilities. The comprehensive approach to the problem of reducing the discharge of industrial wastes in the environment specifies the use of membrane units for water conditioning (in boiler-houses), drinking water treatment, wastewater treatment and reuse as process water (in irrigation, in heating systems).

Key words

wastewater , concentrate , reverse osmosis , salt-content , water conservation , membrane unit

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UDC 628.334.1

Megalinsky L. V., Noskova I. A.

Monster Grinder Screens for shredding wastewater coarse pollutants

Summary

The operating principle of Monster Grinder Screens that capture and shred coarse fractions present in wastewater is described. The use of Monster Grinder Screens allows to protect the pump unit against clogging, to provide for fully automatic operation of wastewater pumping stations, to reduce power consumption, to reduce the size of pumping stations, to reduce capital expenses, to reduce the construction period, to eliminate hazardous and harmful labor conditions for the personnel.

Key words

wastewater , pump , grinder screens , cutter , filtering drum