DOI 10.35776/VST.2022.12.07
UDC 628.21

Strelkov A. K., Gorshkalev P. A., Gridneva M. A., D’iachkov Vladislav

The system of operation of the Samara Region sewerage system

Summary

The results of analyzing the operation of the Samara Region sewerage system are presented. The state bodies have been involved in supervising the operation of sewer networks and wastewater disposal facilities. Information is given on the number of wastewater treatment facilities located in the municipalities of the Samara Region, and their affiliation with operating organizations. Through the example of the Bezenchukskii District of the Samara Region, the system of operating the sewerage system is considered. Subsequent to the results of the surveys of the wastewater treatment facilities a comparison was made of the actual inflow of wastewater with the design characteristics of the facilities, the quality of effluent based on MPC for fishery water bodies. Conclusions are drawn on the specific features of the operation of the facilities, taking into account the changes in the qualitative and quantitative indicators of raw wastewater.

Key words

wastewater , sewerage treatment facilities , maintenance , sewerage system , Samara Region

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UDC 628.35

Dubovik Ol’ga, Markevich R. M., Antonov K. V.

Improvement of biological removal of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from wastewater under the conditions of cascade denitrification

Summary

In view of ever toughening requirements to wastewater treatment the optimization and intensification of wastewater treatment facilities operation become priority areas. The flow process scheme of wastewater biological treatment at the Minsk Wastewater Treatment Plant is represented by traditional aeration tanks and aeration tanks with organized cascade denitrification scheme. The main component of this scheme is the lack of inner recycle and possibility of dispersed inflow of clarified wastewater over the aeration tank zones. This provides for the presence of easily oxidizable organic substances in every anoxic zone. In view of building-up of pollutants in incoming wastewater and toughening the requirements to their removal the intensification of the biological stage has been an important aspect of the treatment facilities operation. The research objective was the scheme of cascade denitrification at the operating treatment facilities for the optimization of which different options of clarified wastewater distribution over the aeration tank zones were used. Wastewater entering the cascade denitrification is characterized by insufficient quantity of organic substances because a significant amount of industrial wastes. To increase the amount of organic substances it was decided to take out of service the primary settling tank and to reduce the frequency of sludge removal. The chosen optimal distribution of clarified wastewater over the aeration tank zones and increase of organic loading the efficiency of phosphate removal increased from 60 to 70%; and that of nitrogen removal – from 61 to 67%.

Key words

wastewater , biological treatment , nitrification , activated sludge , nutrients removal , cascade denitrification

DOI 10.35776/VST.2021.08.06
UDC 628.35

Zoubov M. G., Litvinenko Viacheslav, Vilson Elena, Kadrevich Artem

Combined destruction of ethylene glycol, formaldehyde and methanol by biological methods

Summary

The objective of the applied scientific research is to determine the specific rate of oxidation of toxic organic compounds – ethylene glycol, formaldehyde and methanol – by the community of microorganisms of the immobilized biocenosis on the ERSH^® carrier installed in a pilot plant. To achieve this goal, a multi-stage experiment was carried out that provided for determining possible enhanced biodegradation of toxic substances and specifying the required concentration of ammonium nitrogen in raw wastewater for the implementation of the biodegradation process. In the course of the study, the following works were carried out: determining the process stabilization time in the pilot plant after the scheduled shutdown in the wastewater supply on the 31st day; assessing the specific rate of oxidation by the attached biocenosis in terms of ethylene glycol, formaldehyde, COD, BOD; assessing the assimilation and transformation of nitrogen compounds; drawing conclusions based on the analysis of the research results required for estimating the feasibility of using biological wastewater treatment with the attached biocenosis of the pollutants under study and determining the design parameters of the treatment plant.

Key words

wastewater , bioreactor , ethylene glycol , formaldehyde , methanol , biological methods , immobilized microflora

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UDC 628.334

Shchetinin A. I., Marchenko Yu. G.

Up-To-Date Equipment and Facilities for Mechanical Treatment of Wastewater from Coarse-Disperse Admixtures

Summary

Up-to-date equipment for wastewater treatment from coarse-disperse admixtures is considered. Designs of screens are described briefly, their advantages and shortcomings are presented. Formulas for calculation of head loss on sreens are presented. Recommendations to install screens with openings not less than 5 mm are made. The comparative analysis of different methods of sand-catchers design shows that the normative time of stay in sand catchers can be extended up to 10 minutes. Literary data treatment has made it possible to obtain formulas offered as a new calculation base for determination of efficiency of horizontal and aerated sand catchers during the designing. Up-to-date equipment for sand collection and removal is considered.

Key words

wastewater , mechanical treatment , hydrocyclone , aeration tank , screens , sand catchers

DOI 10/35776/MNP.2019.09.08
UDC 628.353:661.5

Iantsen O. V.

Advanced solutions for the reconstruction of small-scale wastewater treatment facilities: design and calculation

Summary

The advanced solutions proposed for the reconstruction of small wastewater treatment facilities that contain biofilters are considered. The peakpoint of designing and constructing biofilters occurred in the 1960–1970s. At present biological filters are often used for wastewater treatment. It is proposed to use them again as the basic treatment facilities. These structures, as a rule, are structurally reinforced concrete tanks; so it is advisable to develop new process flow schemes taking into account the use of existing structures. Three process flow schemes with different combinations of nitrification and denitrification zones are considered. Graphic results of sanitary and technical analyses of a number of indicators are presented on the basis of which sufficient purification efficiency is shown that allows discharging effluents into fishery water bodies. A method for calculating biofilters for specific media materials is proposed. It is concluded that the height of the structure depends not only on the required level of purification, the parameters of the incoming water but also on the type and size of the media material. The proposed process flow schemes will provide for the wider use of biofilters both in the reconstruction of existing and in the design of new treatment facilities.

Key words

reconstruction , wastewater , nitrification , biofilter , ammonia nitrogen , denitrification , biofilm , enhanced wastewater treatment , small-scale wastewater treatment facilities

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UDC 628.35:661.5:547.789.724

Kofman V. Ya.

Advanced methods of removing nitrogen from wastewater
(a review)

Summary

In the context of natural mineral and energy resource shortage the research and industrial practice in many countries are focused on using wastewater for domestic and industrial needs, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) for agriculture and also energy feedstock that provides for the energy generation levels that exceed the demand of the treatment facilities. The energy-efficient approaches developed in recent decades for the biological removal of nitrogen from wastewater are considered: partial nitrification-Anammox for the treatment of return flows of anaerobic sludge digestion and the main wastewater flow; DEAMOX for co-processing of municipal wastewater and wastewater with a high nitrate content; CANDO for direct energy recovery based on nitrogen-containing wastewater components; ANITA SHUNT for wastewater treatment with a low COD/N ratio; ANITA MOX carried out in the MBBR reactor that ensures simultaneous partial nitrification and Anammox process. In order to effectively promote these technological processes intensive research is being conducted in the field of studying microbial ecology and the mechanism of metabolic processes, increasing the stability of processes and energy recovery efficiency, developing combined flow schemes for recovering energy and nutrients, and also modeling biochemical processes.

Key words

wastewater , anammox , ANITA™Mox , nitrogen compounds , partial nitrification , SHARON , DEAMOX , CANDO , ANITA SHUNT

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UDC 628.3

Smirnov Aleksandr Vladimirovich

Advanced engineering and experience of BAT implementation

Summary

The use of the Information-Technical Guidebook on the best available techniques «Wastewater treatment in public wastewater disposal systems of communities, urban districts» (ITS 10-2015) provides for only a general idea of the catalogue of technologies that have to be applied in order to ensure high efficiency of wastewater treatment. The choice and substantiation of a particular technology are carried out on the basis of the operation experience and comprehensive project engineering. Case studies of using «MY Technologies» that are ready-made technical solutions of mechanical («MY MET») and biological («MY BIO») wastewater treatment for the wastewater treatment facilities in Sochi, Vologda, Kolomna are presented.

Key words

wastewater , biological treatment , mechanical treatment , best available techniques , primary treatment , fine purification , «MY Technologies» , «MY MET» , «MY BIO»

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UDC 628.345.1

Zalyotova N. A.

Phosphorus compounds in municipal wastewater

Summary

The analysis of the results of determining phosphorus compounds in wastewater at the treatment facilities is presented. In order to remove phosphorus compounds different methods of municipal wastewater treatment are used. The efficiency of eliminating some or other phosphorus forms depends on the technology used. The ratio of separate phosphorus forms in raw sewage differ much from effluent; therefore their impact on the water body also differs even if the discharged effluent quality is meeting the maximum permissible concentration of phosphates. Addition of chemical into wastewater provides for the fast and reliable removal of phosphates. The efficient reduction of total phosphorus and phosphates occurs only under the combination of biological and chemical wastewater treatment, or under the use of the modified biological treatment with alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions of activated sludge retention.

Key words

wastewater , biological treatment , chemical treatment , phosphates , total phosphorus , biological and chemical treatment

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UDC 628.35:661.5

KOZLOV M. N., Nikolaev Yu. A., Kevbrina M. V., Dorofeev A. G., Aseyeva V. G., Gavrilin A. M., Agarev Anton, Pimenov N. V., Kallistova A. Iu.

Development of the first in Russia Anammox type technology

Summary

The first in Russia Anammox type technology has been developed in «Mosvodokanal» JSC in cooperation with «Fundamental prin­ciples of biotechnology» Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences with support from RF Ministry of Education and Science. The technology is designed for the purification of filtrate of centrifuges that dewater digested wastewater sludge. Anammox technology is based on the microbiological process of ammonium oxidation with nitrite under anoxic conditions. This process has been implemented at more than 100 wastewater treatment facilities all over the world in various technologic options. This group of technologies is the most cost-effective and high developing biotechnology of nitrogen removal from wastewater. Anammox type technology has been implemented at the pilot plant that provides for the purification of dewatering centrifuge filtrate. In terms of the process parameters the developed technology can be compared to the foreign alternatives but adapted to the conditions of the Liuberetskie Wastewater Treatment Facilities in Moscow. Single reactor process is carried out at 30–37 °С with new anammox-bacteria. From the economic, technologic and environmental point of view Anammox technology is very attractive compared to the traditional options of biological nitrogen removal. Anammox process lacks the demand in organic matter; whereas the oxygen demand is reduced by 60% resulting in significant energy saving. It can be applied at the wastewater treatment facilities both in Russia and overseas.

Key words

wastewater , pilot plant , anammox bacteria , ammonium removal technology , large-scale bioreactor , dewatering centrifuge filtrate

DOI 10.35776/VST.2021.03.07
UDC 628.316.12:628.52

Gimaletdinov Rustem, Usmanov Marat, Valeev Salavat, Bodrov Viktor, Paskaru Konstantin, Vezhnovets Viktor

Sorbent based on modified hydrolysis lignin for the purification
of wastewater from oil refineries

Summary

The results of studies of using SynergySorb® PS-1000 sorbent based on modified hydrolysis lignin for the purification of wastewater from large oil refineries are presented. Owing to the developed system of micro- and mesopores, the sorbent effectively absorbs light fractions of hydrocarbons, thus reducing the total content of oil products in wastewater and the intensity of odor near open treatment facilities. The total dynamic exchange capacity of the sorbent for oil products was 0.605 g/g while filtering wastewater from one of the largest Russian oil refineries. The average treatment efficiency before the breakthrough of oil products was 94%, the intensity of effluent odor as a result of tests was reduced from 5 to 2 points. Spent SynergySorb® PS-1000 sorbent belongs to the 4th hazard class (low hazard) in terms of toxicity and ecotoxicity.

Key words

filtration , wastewater , odor , oil refinery , sorbent , sorption treatment , lignin , очистка от нефтепродуктов , dynamic sorption capacity

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UDC 628.15:504.054

Danilovich Dmitrii, Dovlatova E. V.

State of the system of regulating discharges of pollutants and improvement of water body protection mechanisms

Summary

The analysis of the existing Russian system that regulates pollutant discharges (in particular, draft bill No. 584587-5) and charges, study of the similar international experience allowed making a conclusion on the necessity of cardinal changing the fundamentals of the legislation in this area. Most essential problems are as follows: «zero impact» principle; disregard of the criterion of technical achievability of the established requirements; the system of «permissible discharge rates (PDR) – limits»; reference nature of the legislation and practically total lack of the directly applicable standards; entirely individual requirements to the water users in the absence of general standards; complicated and labor intensive development of PDRs; multistage and expensive system of obtaining approvals and permits; the tendency of simplifying legal acts that results in unsolvable questions and gaps in their application; «end-of-the-pipe» model of tackling environmental problems; disregarding the difference between discharges by public utilities and industrial enterprises – water users; the lack of pollutant differentiation both by origin and the rate of environmental hazard. Despite the severity and complexity of the regulating system the state has practically distanced itself from the actual liability for improving environmental conditions. The major drawbacks of the mechanism of charging for pollutant discharges are as follows: the lack of legislative control; charging for any amount and any concentration of substances including the amounts that do not impact the permissible quality parameters; complementary dependence on the availability or lack of PDR and limits; inability of paying for discharges above PDR from cost of production; unreasonably large lists of discharged substances subject to charging; non-charging for the complex pollution indices (except BOD); the lack of incentive role in relation to many pollutants; the existence of potential double charge for one and the same discharge called compensation of damage to water bodies caused by the violation of the water law. The conclusion is drawn that the existing system of regulations and charges is not only useless, but also injures greatly the actual activities on rehabilitation of water bodies; and that integrated reforming the environmental legislation is needed.

Key words

wastewater , best available techniques , environmental legislation , regulation of pollutant discharges

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UDC 628.15:504.054

Danilovich Dmitrii, Dovlatova E. V.

State of the system of regulating discharges of pollutants
and improvement of water body protection mechanisms

Summary

The suggestions on amending the basic principles of effluent discharge regulations are presented including: abolition of the «zero impact» principle (the requirement to meet MPC in water bodies irrespective of their actual state and technical capacities); waiving the use of MPC as a regulation basis and applying MPC for monitoring and analysis, as a guide in water quality management in water bodies; drawing the industrial branch inventories of regulated and chargeable pollutants; permitting the discharge of unlisted (undefined by standard analyses) substances for which no MPCs have been developed provided the effluent toxicity standard and other aggregate parameters have been met. The suggested system of catchment area-technological regulation that does not use the instruments of permissible discharge regulations and limits is described. It is concluded that the state has to take the control over water basins as opposed to the present onlooker position. It is suggested to unbureacratize drastically the procedure of issuing pollution discharge permits and introduce open-ended permits (potentially hazardous objects); to issue environmental permits using «one-stop» principle (including sanitary, fishery waters aspects etc.); to combine the procedures of environmental impact assessment and discharge permit issue. Limiting with subsequent banning the use in the products (manufactured and imported) of substances either environmentally harmful or increasing the load on wastewater treatment facilities, in the first instance phosphate-containing washing powders is suggested. It is suggested to revise the Russian legal framework related to the given aspect. The need for developing and adopting the legislation «On the protection of water bodies from wastewater pollution», «On the comprehensive monitoring and protection from pollution», «On limiting and banning the use of separate substances producing negative impact on water bodies» is substantiated.

Key words

wastewater , legislation , environmental protection , regulation of pollutant discharges , water pool

DOI 10.35776/VST.2022.05.03
UDC 628.35

Kharkina O. V.

Comparison of the results of calculating aeration tanks according to the method of Danilovich–Epov and ASM2d model (part 1)

Summary

The analysis of the method proposed by D. A. Danilovich and A. N. Epov for calculating aeration tanks that implement nitrogen and phosphorus removal technologies is carried out. A comparison of the results of calculations by this method and ASM2d method is given. It is shown that, in contrast to the ASM2d method that refers to theoretical models and describes the processes of biological wastewater treatment using the formulas of enzyme kinetics, the method under consideration is, in essence, an empirical calculation that contains constants that are invariable and, for the most part, not having the physical meaning. Since empirical models make a connection between the parameters obtained on the basis of the experimental data of a particular object under strictly limited conditions, these models can only be applied if all the parameters of another object exactly match the data of the object the proposed model was compiled for. Accordingly, using any empiric models, including the method under consideration, at the facilities that were not the objects for the compilation of these empiric models, leads to the risk of obtaining incorrect calculation results. Based on the performed calculations, the risks and constraints of using the method proposed by Danilovich and Epov for the calculation of biological treatment facilities are shown. In the first part of the paper, a design analysis was carried out to determine the values of the aerobic age of activated sludge that were the basic values for calculating the volume of aerobic zones of aeration tanks.

Key words

wastewater , biological treatment , nitrification , denitrification , activated sludge , kinetic constants , theoretical and empirical mathematical models , comparative calculation of the biological treatment facilities , ASM2d

DOI 10.35776/VST.2022.11.03
UDC 628.35

Kharkina O. V.

Comparison of the results of calculating aeration tanks according to the method of Danilovich–Epov and ASM2d model
(рart 2)

Summary

The analysis of the method for calculating aeration tanks proposed by D. A. Danilovich and A. N. Epov, based on the German ATV method, is continued. Due to certain limitations of the empirical ATV methodology developed on the basis of the data on the wastewater the authors were able to study, the ATV methodology cannot be applied anywhere except the treatment facilities where those studies were carried out. The Methodology has been compared with ASM2d model (a matrix of enzyme kinetics equations describing the growth rates of microorganisms and the rates of the corresponding biochemical processes), as well as with the NII VODGEO/SamGTU method that is a completely theoretical model, and the calculation formulas being enzyme kinetics equations. Calculations of aeration tanks according to the formulas of enzyme kinetics were laid down in SNiP «Sewerage. External Networks and Structures» in 1974; whereas in SNiP 1984, the calculation was given in the form of a proven methodology for biological treatment facilities for the oxidation of organic compounds. The empirical approach proposed in the Methodology opens not only a technological question about the scope of its application, but also the question of its expediency in general. The use of empirical approaches, to which the Methodology belongs, formally connects the inherent parameters in the form of invariable coefficients and empirical dependencies obtained experimentally in a narrow range of parameters and conditions of a particular object bringing the risks of significant errors. It is shown that the Methodology for municipal wastewater provides for underestimated volumes of aeration tanks by tens of percent compared with the results of calculations using the theoretical methods ASM2d and VODGEO/SamGTU developed by V. N. Shvetsov, S. V. Stepanov, K. M. Morozova that describe wastewater treatment processes using enzyme kinetics formulas. Herewith, it is shown that ASM2d and the VODGEO/SamGTU methodology give a high convergence of the results within differences of less than 10% which allows to speak about the robustness of the ASM2d model and the VODGEO/SamGTU methodology, and the limitations of the Method that can be used only for rough estimates.

Key words

wastewater , biological treatment , nitrification , denitrification , activated sludge , kinetic constants , theoretical and empirical mathematical models , ASM2d , NII VODGEO/SamGTU methodology , enzyme kinetics equations , comparative calculation

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UDC 628.166

Tkachev Andrei, Baranov V. L., Piskareva V. M.

Comparative assessment of the operating expenditures for wastewater disinfection with the use of chlorination and UV-technology

Summary

Protection of drinking water sources has been the most important comprehensive task. The state of the surface water bodies is determined to a large extent by wastewater flow in them that should be epidemiologically safe according to the RF legislation. The use of ultraviolet irradiation has been the most environmentally and economically efficient disinfection method. To provide for the assessment of the economic efficiency of UV-disinfection technology five operating wastewater treatment facilities of different capacity were considered. The comparison of the annual operating expenditures for chlorination (exclusively of the expenditures for dechlorination and charge for chlorine and chrloorganic compounds discharge) and UV-irradiation was carried out. The studies showed that operating UV-disinfection units were more cost-effective compared to operating chlorination units at the treatment facilities of different capacity.

Key words

chlorination , disinfection , ultraviolet , wastewater , dechlorination , disinfection system operation , economic comparison

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UDC 628.38:338.001.36

Tsarenko D. A., Romashko A. V., Smirnov Aleksandr Vladimirovich

The cost of the life cycle as a criterion of choosing a filtration package for membrane bioreactors

Summary

The method of evaluating the cost of the life cycle of the filtration package of membrane bioreactors for biological wastewater treatment is presented. The key parameters of choosing MBR-technology, the example of calculating the cost of the equipment life cycle are given. The allocation of the guarantee commitments between the customer and the supplier is shown. The presented method of evaluating the attraction of using membrane bioreactors on the basis of the analysis of the life cycle of the filtration package provides for the accurate computation of the capital and operational expenditures of the membrane filtration units at the wastewater treatment facilities of various capacities to justify the choice of the filtration package supplier. The conditions for the optimal allocation of risks between the membrane manufacturer and the customer are formulated.

Key words

wastewater , biological treatment , membrane bioreactor , life cycle cost , annuity contributions

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UDC 628.31.085

Kostyuchenko S. V., Khrenov K. E., Khramenkov S. V., Streltsov S. A., Filatov N. N., Kvalvasser A. I., Koudryavtsev N. N., Volkov Sergei

The construction of the world biggest effluent disinfection facilities at the Kouryanovo wastewater treatment plant in Moscow

Summary

The drivers for choosing UV-radiation as a basic technology of effluent disinfection at the Kouryanovo and Lyubertsy wastewater treatment facilities are presented. The proven experience of UV-disinfection plant operating at the second line of the Novo-Lyubertsy wastewater treatment facilities gave rise to the next stage of introducing the given disinfection method at the Kouryanovo wastewater treatment facilities. In the course of designing it was decided to retrofit UV-disinfection plant into the existing elevation layout of the treatment facilities by using open-channel UV-plants with vertical lamp position. The specific features of the treatment facilities operation and the condition of the discharge canal also took into account.

Key words

chlorination , disinfection , ultraviolet , wastewater , sewerage treatment facilities , sanitation-and-epidemiological safety

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УДК 628.315.1: 628.355: 676.2

Shchetinin A. I., Kostin Yu. V., Andreev E. L., Esin M. A., Malbiev B. Yu., Demyanenko E. V., Yurchenko V. A.

Syktyvkar Timber Processing Complex: Solving of Wastewater Treatment Problems

Summary

Peculiarities of the wastewater treatment process of the Syktyvkar timber processing complex typical for pulp and paper industry are described. Data on studies of the problem of activated sludge swelling are presented. It is proposed to solve this problem using the aerobic selector. On the basis of simulation results the scheme of reconstruction of preaerators of inlet flows into an aeration tank is proposed; according to this scheme the wastewater mix and return activated sludge are supplied to the first tunnels of preaerators operating as a selector of bacteria. The article presents a flow chart of wastewater and sludge treatment for retechnologization of existing facilities consisting of the following stages: treatment of wastewater at fine treatment mechanical grates and aerated sand catchers; degassing of wastewater before primary sedimentation tanks; installation of belt filter presses for treatment of excess activated sludge; installation of equipment for additional dewatering of primary sludge and excess activated sludge up to 50% of moisture content; disinfection of wastewater.

Key words

wastewater , sludge index , retechnologization , aerator , pulp and paper industry , aerobic selector

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UDC 628.292.65.011.4

PANKOVA G. A., Il'in Iu. A., IGNATCHIK V. S., Ignatchik S. Iu., Melnik E. A., Probirsky M. D., Karmazinov F. V., Mikhailov D. M.

Technical inspection of sewage pumping stations in Saint-Petersburg

Summary

Basic results of technical inspection of the pumping stations delivering wastewater to the treatment facilities are presented. In the process of inspection the following parameters are determined: the impact of physical wear of the pumps on Н–Q, h–Q, P–Q, Wуд–Q characteristics; actual schedule of wastewater inflow; probability and parametric pump reliability factors. The operation of the «feeding sewer – sewage pumping station – pressure sewer» system is analyzed. The investment efficiency of upgrading the engineering aspect of the pumping stations with account of the safety requirements in relation to the environment, reliability and energy saving during the equipment life cycle is estimated.

Key words

wastewater , power consumption , operation expenditures , pumping station , net discounted expense , design mathematical model , reliability estimation

DOI 10.35776/VST.2021.07.05
UDC 628.336.7

Markelov Aleksei, Shiriaevskii Valerii, Pupyrev E. I., Sheremeta Ignat, Nikitin Vasilii

The technology of wastewater sludge vitrification in comparison with other processing methodsThe technology of wastewater sludge vitrification in comparison with other processing methods

Summary

The experts of Ekopromtekh R & D Centre, LLC have developed an innovative technology for vitrification of wastewater sludge that provides for reducing significantly the volume of wastes and obtaining a safe vitrified material to be used in construction. A comparison of the vitrification technology with other methods of sludge processing is given: depositing, sludge digestion in digesters, drying, pyrolysis, catalytic and classical incineration. In Russia, more than 90% of the generated sludge is landfilled. If this trend persists, an increase in the sludge hauling distance is inevitable. Using unprocessed sludge as fertilizer increases the risk of soil contamination. Financial models of projects that envisage using digesters and selling biogas or electricity do not pay off. In case of using the drying method to obtain fuel from sludge, almost the same amount of thermal energy is consumed as the final product contains. Therefore, the cost of dried sludge as a fuel will not be less than the cost of natural gas, and taking into account other operating costs, including delivery to the consumer, will exceed the cost of gas by 2–3 times. Pyrolysis to obtain marketable products is under development and involves a lot of research. The technology of catalytic incineration of sludge without preliminary drying does not solve the main problems of any incineration process and causes certain difficulties: the risk of emission of superecotoxicants remains; the ash must be disposed of, the autothermal regime is difficult to maintain, the catalyst wears out and requires replacement. The vitrification technology has a number of advantages, it is ready for scaling and industrial implementation.

Key words

wastewater , methane tanks , incineration , sludge , pyrolysis , sludge drying , sludge cake , vitrification , thermal methods , vitrified material , zero landfilling