Tag:wastewater

№10-2|2010

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

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UDC 628.356.57.001.5

SHVETSOV V. N., MOROZOVA K. M., Smirnova I. I., Semenov Mikhail, Lezhnev M. L., Ryzhakov G. G., Gubaydullin T. M.

The Use of Bioblocks at Wastewater Treatment Facilities

Summary

Results of the laboratory study of an aeration tank operation for the purpose of technological comparison of two new modified bioblocks, BBZ-45P-14 and BBZ-65P-10, having the similar surface structure but different geometric parameters are presented. It is shown that these bioblocks can be used successfully in aeration tanks for immobilization of microorganisms of activated sludge. The tests of loading material samples have been carried out at biomass density in bioblocks of 0,3–0,36 kg/kg, at equivalent concentration of sludge in the system – 2,3 g/l. The bioblock BBZ-65P-10 is used preferably in aeration tanks, BBZ-45P-14 – in aeration tanks with low load on activated sludge, blocks of aftertreatment for additional clarification of water treated biologically and in biofilters for build-up of biological film. The comparison of results of tests on rate of activated sludge adhesion obtained with new types of bioblocks and BBZ-65 tested earlier makes it possible to conclude that the adhesion process goes off more intensively on rougher surfaces of modified models of bioblocks.

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№2|2014

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

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UDC 628.35.004.4

Noskova I. A., Bazhenov V. I., Epov A. N.

The use of simulation modeling packages for wastewater treatment technologies

Summary

The subjects of the study were: comparative analysis of software packages for simulation modeling of wastewater treatment processes to manage design and operation issues; and also assessment of basic data for the formation of mathematical model inputs. The basic parameters of the description of the most complicated ASM activated sludge models have been analyzed. The results of the studies are represented by the analysis of the examples: distribution of COD fractions under local conditions of Russia and some other countries; typical irregularity of wastewater flow and basic pollutants hourly input; design and measured oxygen uptake rate (OUR); model time calibration process, optimization of the denit­rification zone in aeration tank for MUCT process. The analysis of the advanced software defined GPS-X (Hydromantis, Canada) design software as the most complete and comprehensive product. The suggested technique includes a set of measures: determining COD fractionation with the use of OxiTop (WTW, Germany) analyzer; assessment of basic parameters of irregular basic pollution mass input; respirometry studies; statistic processing of data obtained at the facilities. In the process of simulation modeling the hydrodynamic structure of the wastewater treatment facilities appears as series-connected mixer chambers. The number of chambers is assigned depending on the length and width of the facility, flow velocity, mixing rate, availability of internal baffles, and also inner recycle streams. The simulation model provides for the optimization of the following parameters: zone ratio in the aeration tank, sludge age, dissolved oxygen concentration, recycle ratio values, as well as the parameters of the automatic control system.

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№10|2020

LAWS, STANDARDS, NORMATIVES

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UDC 628.2/.4:006.35

Kharkina O. V.

The use of methods for calculating biological wastewater treatment facilities (for discussion)

Summary

Current requirements to the quality of effluent of wastewater treatment facilities call for introducing nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus removal processes into the biological wastewater treatment, in addition to aerobic oxidation of organic compounds. The impossibility of ensuring the quality of effluents to be discharged into fishery water bodies in terms of nutrients MPCs values ​​is explained by the incorrect solutions designed for the introduction of biological wastewater treatment processes, and incorrect approaches to the design of facilities. The section «Wastewater disposal and treatment» of the Expert and Technological Council of the Russian Water Supply and Wastewater Association receives a lot of questions from water professionals interested in the methods of calculating wastewater treatment facilities and, primarily, biological treatment facilities. In this regard, the section «Wastewater disposal and treatment» of ETC RAWW develops Recommendations on the use of methods for calculating wastewater treatment facilities. This document, though not mandatory for execution, will contain information reflecting the viewpoints of the research workers, engineers, technologists, designers and experts in the operation of wastewater treatment facilities, members of the section. The Recommendations will include the results of calculations performed according to various methods and models, as well as conclusions indicating the possibility or impossibility of using certain calculation methods, as well as their limitations and correctness. It is planned to publish by parts the information on various calculation methods, techniques, approaches to calculations, as well as documents containing one or another approach to the design of wastewater treatment facilities is prescribed. After the analysis has been carried out, the consolidated material will be published in the form of Recommendations. This paper presents an analysis of the information contained in SP 32.13330.2018 on the calculation of biological wastewater treatment facilities as the most urgent problem presently.

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№3|2021

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

DOI 10.35776/VST.2021.03.06
UDC 628.345

Alekseyev E. V.

The use of «coasorption» concept while describing the effect of coagulants on the wastewater aqua systems (for discussion)

Summary

The widespread use of chemical coagulation in purification of natural water and industrial wastewater is due, on the one hand, to the complex chemical composition and phase-disperse state of their aqua systems, and on the other hand, to the multifactorial effect of coagulants on them. The main mechanisms of interaction between coagulants and pollutants are considered through the example of industrial wastewater treatment containing organic substances (surfactants and synthetic dyes). The physicochemical term «coagulation» reflects only one of the mechanisms of the effect of coagulants on pollutants. The currently accepted process parameters «dose of coagulant» and «specific dose of coagulant» do not reflect the variety of interactions of pollutants with coagulant salts either, and are not linked to the result of coagulation. This makes it difficult to describe the collective effect of physicochemical processes while adding coagulants to the treated water and to quantify it. The solution to the problem is possible introducing the concept of «coasorption» that determines the multifactorial origin of the interaction of coagulants and pollutants in the processes of wastewater treatment by coagulation; and the process parameter «specific coasorption» that establishes a quantitative relationship between the concentrations of pollutants in raw wastewater and effluent with a dose of coagulant. The specific coasorption functions are graphically presented in the form of coasorption isotherms for two types of surfactants and synthetic dyes. Based on the results of the analysis of the features of the isotherms, it is shown that they reflect different mechanisms of interaction between coagulants and pollutants. The use of coasorption as a technological concept provides for identifying the mechanisms of interaction of pollutants with a coagulant and establishing the best conditions for the coagulation process. The functional description of the coasorption isotherms allows extrapolating the results of trial coagulation in a wide range of pollutant concentrations. The practical importance of specific coasorption isotherms provides for determining the dosages of chemicals during coagulation of water based on the initial concentration of pollutants and effluent standard.

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№6|2011

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

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UDC 628.349.087.5

IVKIN P. A., KAZAKOV A. V., BELEVCEV A. N., ZHAVORONKOVA V. I., BAJKOVA S. A., MELNIKOVA N. N.

Test of Technology of Galvanochemical Wastewater Treatment for Arsenic Compounds

Summary

The substantiation of perspectivity of application of the galvanochemical method of arsenic removal from wastewater is made. Results of the laboratory study of efficiency of galvanochemical treatment of arsenic-containing model solutions and natural wastewater of an intergrated copper-sulphur plant are presented. It is shown, that application of this technology makes it possible to remove arsenic up to values of Maximum Permissible Concentration (MPC) for water objects. Efficiency and arsenic removal rate depend insignificantly on an initial pH value (in the range of 1,5–9,5). Duration of the galvanochemical treatment ensuring the obtaining of arsenic residual concentrations on a level with MPC depends on its initial concentration in media treated and on a galvanic couple used. The process of arsenic removal progresses with a higher rate when an «iron – copper» galvanic couple is used. When an «iron – crushed coke» galvanic couple is used the duration of treatment necessary for obtaining the arsenic concentration on a level with MPC increases in 2–3 times. Basic flow charts of the galvanochemical treatment of wastewater depending on the initial concentration of arsenic are offered.

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№9|2022

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

DOI 10.35776/VST.2022.09.07
UDC 628.16.081.32

Ahmed Sameh Abdelfattah Araby, Gogina Elena

Study of the competitive adsorption of a mixture of phenol and ammonia nitrogen on activated carbon

Summary

Phenol and ammonia nitrogen are considered typical pollutants present in industrial wastewater from various industries. Application of the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to develop a mathematical model for the simultaneous adsorption of phenol and ammonia nitrogen on activated carbon. The combined effect of pH, carbon doses, the initial concentration of phenol, and the initial concentration of ammonia nitrogen on the efficiency of adsorption was studied. Simulation using RSM gave a nontransformed quadratic model for phenol removal and a square root transformed linear model for ammonia nitrogen removal. The results of the study showed a positive effect of increasing the carbon dose on the adsorption of phenol, while an increase in the initial concentration of phenol had a negative effect on the efficiency of its adsorption. Almost complete removal of phenol was achieved within 90 minutes at pH4. In addition, the adsorption of ammonia nitrogen improved with increasing pH and carbon dose. The presence of ammonia nitrogen adversely affected the removal of phenol with pH increasing. However, the presence of phenol does not affect the adsorption of ammonia nitrogen.

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№10|2013

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

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UDC 628.35:661.5

Strelkov A. K., Stepanov S. V., Blinkova L. A., MOROZOVA K. M., Belyakov A. V.

Investigating the processes of single-stage biological treatment
of oil refinery wastewater

Summary

The results of investigating the operation of the Novokuibyshevsk oil refinery waste biological treatment facilities are presented. It was found that denitrification process was not possible in two-stage process of wastewater treatment because of
high concentration of dissolved oxygen in the denitrification tank and low concentration of organics in raw wastewater. Full-scale experiment with single-stage mode of operation of the entire biological treatment facilities was carried out. After the first-stage aeration tanks de-commissioning the total activated sludge amount in the system increased almost 1.5-fold. Sludge concentration in the aeration tanks (of the second stage) increased from 0.5–1 to 2–2.5 mg/l; COD sludge load was reduced from 143 to 77 mg/(g·day). The improved nitrification efficiency and denitrification start were recorded. Kinetic constants were determined for the processes of organics and oil products oxidation, for nitrification and denitrification required for designing wastewater treatment facilities with nitrification-denitrification technology. Inhibition by substrate was found at the concentration of oil products in effluent higher than 4 mg/l. Nitrification inhibition was observed at ammonia nitrogen concentration in effluent higher than 1 mg/l. The full-scale experiment of conversion of the Novokuibyshevsk oil refinery waste biological treatment facilities to one-stage operation provided for testing on commercial scale the advanced nitrification-denitrification technology and recommending this process flow scheme for the introduction at other RF oil refineries.

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№5|2013

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

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UDC 628.35:661.5

Stepanov S. V., SHVETSOV V. N., MOROZOVA K. M., Belyakov A. V., Blinkova L. A.

Investigating nitrification-denitrification technologies of oily wastewater treatment

Summary

The results of investigating biological treatment by nitrification-denitrification technology of oily wastes of the Novokuybyshevsky oil refinery are presented. Possible meeting the advanced requirements to the effluent quality in relation to nitrogen compounds, particularly, by industrial wastewater treatment without blending with municipal wastewater is shown. The kinetic constants of nitrification-denitrification processes and oxidation of oil products required for designing wastewater treatment facilities are determined.

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№11|2011

МГСУ - 90 лет

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UDC 628.35:661.5.63

Gogina Elena

Investigating process flow scheme of wastewater biological treatment for the upgrade of the treatment facilities

Summary

The results of experimental investigations of the process flow scheme of wastewater biological treatment are given. The process of ammonia nitrogen removal from wastewater under low oxygen concentration conditions was studied. Kinetic functions for calculating ammonium nitrogen concentrations in treated water at bioreactor operation were determined. The technology was applied in the construction and upgrade of the treatment facilities in a number of cities and settlements of the Moscow Region.

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№9|2021

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

DOI 10.35776/VST.2021.09.05
UDC 628.345.1

Egorova Yu. A., Stepanov S. V., Nesterenko O. I., Strelkova T. A.

Study of the chemical removal of phosphorus at the municipal wastewater treatment facilities of the Samara urban district

Summary

The parameters of the chemical removal of phosphorus from wastewater in Samara have been determined. The studies were carried out by the method of trial coagulation of raw wastewater, primary effluent and mixed liquor from the aeration tanks. It was found that at the same doses of the chemical, the enhanced removal of phosphorus occurs from the sludge mixture. While using aluminum sulfate, the removal of phosphorus phosphates was enhanced by 0.3–1.6 mg/l more than while adding Aqua-Aurat-30TM aluminum polyoxychloride, depending on the initial concentrations. The concentration of residual aluminum in the effluent while using Aqua-Aurat-30TM was on average 8% lower than while using aluminum sulfate – 0.168–0.221 mg/l versus 0.173–0.274 mg/l. Comparative results of the chemical coagulation with the use of flocculants and without them showed that additional dosing flocculant did not result in an increase in the efficiency of phosphorus removal. It was determined that to achieve above 85% treatment efficiency at a phosphorus-phosphate concentration in the mixed liquor of 3.7–5.2 mg/l, a 1.3–1.8-fold excess of aluminum sulfate was required, and at lower concentrations of 1.23– 1.87 mg/l, this efficiency was achieved only with a 3.1–5-fold excess of the chemical. The research results were used in the project of upgrading a tertiary treatment plant at the Samara wastewater treatment facilities, that provided for the chemical removal of phosphorus in addition to the enhanced process of biological removal of phosphorus. The accepted calculated dose of aluminum sulfate 10 mg/l for a commercial product will reduce the concentration of phosphates after the main stage of biological treatment from 0.53 to 0.2 mg/l.

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№12|2017

DRINKING WATER SUPPLY

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UDC 628.394(597-25)

Nguyen Dinh Dap, Volshanik V. V., Dzhumagulova N. T.

The study of the ecological state of the To Lich River in Hanoi

Summary

To Lich is a big river in the city of Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam. The river system receives municipal wastewater as well as effluents from 100 industrial enterprises located in five industrial areas in the central part of Hanoi. The To Lich River channel has accumulated about 284 thousand m3 of sediments, 7347 tons of different metals. The total load of nine metals on the river estuary is 161.7 kg/day. The information on the method and results of the field studies of the To Lich water and riverbed pollution with heavy metals is presented. The study was aiming at the assessment of the total load of heavy metals discharged and accumulated in the bottom deposits of separate To Lich River reaches (at the point of effluent discharges) as well as the assessment of the daily intake of organic carbon and heavy metals at the river estuary. To evaluate the general ecological state of the river the analysis of not only the river water quality but also the quality of the sediments was carried out. At that the following parameters were entered: water quality index (WQI) and sediment quality index (SQI) on the basis of seven pollutants: for water –chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As) and lead (Pb); for sediments –Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb.

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№4|2017

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

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UDC 628.166.085

SMIRNOV A. D., Strelkov A. K., Tkachev Andrei

Revisiting the selection of wastewater disinfection technology

Summary

Environmental law enforcement in relation to discharging chlorine and organochlorine contaminants induces the use of advanced safe and efficient chlorine free methods of wastewater disinfection. The use of ultraviolet irradiation provides for meeting all the requirements imposed on the technology of wastewater disinfection eliminating any adverse impact on the environment. The use of this technology eliminates possible penalty charges for polluting the environment with chlorine and organochlorine contaminants. The economic comparison of two disinfection methods (the application of sodium hypochlorite and UV-irradiation) reveals significant operational benefit when introducing UV-disinfection. Annual savings of operational expenditures is 50% and more at the comparable capital expenditures. The advantages of UV-disinfection are as follows: efficiency in relation to all types of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms, whereas chlorine-containing chemicals do not often ensure fair efficiency in viruses and protozoa elimination; no by-products are generated; no adverse impact on the water bodies is produced (consequently, no penalties); no threat of overdosing; easy and simple control over the disinfection process; no need in dosing system and additional control systems; disinfection effect independence from fluctuations of effluents quality within the limits of the design parameters; minimum footprint; no additional facilities are needed (e. g., contact tank for dechlorination); possible retrofitting into the existing buildings or facilities, for example, in the process of wastewater treatment facilities upgrade and chlorination replacement; low operational expenditures (lamp replacing once in a year and a half – two years and energy saving). In this context switching to chlorine free disinfection technologies that eliminate the formation of organochlorine contaminants is a correct solution.

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№2|2016

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

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UDC 628.218

Doskina E. P., Moskvicheva A. V., Moskvicheva E. V.

On the application of permissible pollution limit values for effluents discharged into the wastewater disposal system of Volgograd

Summary

The RF legislation in force regulates the permissible concentrations of pollutants discharged to the sewers and municipal and communal treatment facilities. For many communities compliance with the calculated values of the permissible concentrations turned to be technically unachievable. The standards in force in Volgograd for effluent pollution concentrations discharged by the users into the municipal sewer were calculated for all the users except the residential sector. This resulted in establishing unreasonably stringent limits to certain pollutants. In order to comply with these requirements every industrial user would have to build separate local treatment facilities which in its turn eliminate the need in the municipal treatment facilities. The analysis of the limit values of pollutants discharged into the Volgograd wastewater disposal system from 1997 to 2011 was carried out. The limit values adopted in 2011 and in force at present have been too low compared to the actual quality of domestic sewage; this can produce a disturbing effect on the performance of the biological treatment facilities and result in the pollution of the water bodies. The system of regulating the quality of effluents discharged by the users is considered. The causes of unreasonably stringent permissible pollution concentrations set by calculations; and the duality of the requirements set to the effluent quality are presented. The conclusion of the necessary revision of the regulated limit values with account of the legislation in force and operation of the treatment facilities in accordance with the regulations is made.

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№6|2013

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

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UDC 628.34

Fedorovskaya T. G., Koudryashova G. N.

On high alkaline sulfide-containing wastewater treatment

Summary

One of the main problems experienced during tannery wastewater transportation and treatment is hydrogen sulfide release that causes pipeline corrosion, gas contamination of premises and wastewater treatment facilities territory. The methods of sulfide-containing wastewater treatment have been well investigated; however, the reason of hydrogen sulfide release is still urgent and needs explanation. Theoretic and experimental studies carried out at the Moscow State University of Civil Engineering allowed explaining the reasons of hydrogen sulfide release from high alkaline solutions. Experimental studies with standardized test solutions of sodium sulfide showed that their alkalization inhibited hydrogen sulfide release, however required large amounts of alkaline agent and could be hardly adopted for practical use.

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№8|2022

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

DOI 10.35776/VST.2022.08.05
UDC 628.35

Epov A. N., Danilovich Dmitrii

On the discussion on the comparison of methods for calculating aeration tanks with the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus (for the discussion)

Summary

The arguments of the authors of the book «Calculation and process engineering of processes and facilities for the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from municipal wastewater» are given in response to the critical article by O. V. Khar’kina in the «VST» journal on the method proposed for calculating aeration tanks. Based on the literature review, it is shown that the calculation of aeration tanks in terms of the sludge age is not empirical, however based on the kinetic laws; and, herewith, in the field of application recommended by the authors, the use of a smaller number of empirical coefficients is required eliminating their choice. Explanations are given why accounting for the concentration of dissolved oxygen and calculation for the nitrite nitrogen concentrations less than 0.05 mg/l should not be included in the calculation procedure. Explanations are given for the dependence of kinetic coefficients on the concentrations in the effluent because of the change in the species composition of nitrifiers according to the theory of competitive exclusion of species. Information is provided on the successful comparison of the methods proposed by the authors with the simulation in the GPS-X program and on the operation of a new block of the Liubertsy Wastewater Treatment Facilities (Moscow), calculated according to the method. The operation of the block testifies to the complete sufficiency of the volume of the aerobic zone of the aeration tanks.

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№08|2015

WASTEWATER SLUDGE TREATMENT

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UDC 628.336.42

Zlatkovskii O. A.

EKOTON chamber-membrane filter presses

Summary

The wide range of chamber and membrane filter press application alongside with the design and control system improvements allow considering this type of equipment as a solution to numerous typical and special tasks of industrial slurry and wastewater filtration. At the same time the large variability of tasks necessitates designing a wide standard series of filter presses with different specifications. Individual filter press selection and manufacture suppose considering both filtration properties of particular slurry and the parameters of the operational flow scheme, mode of operation, site-specific conditions, production resource, characteristics of the related equipment, filter press place in the general layout of the filtration area.

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№06|2015

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

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UDC 628:339

Korziukov N. I., Zviagin G. K., Os'kin D. V.

WAMGROUP® Company – 10 years in Russia

Summary

WAMGROUP® Italian Company has been among world leaders in developing and manufacturing equipment for mechanical treatment of wastewater. The specialists of the company offer a number of innovative solutions that meet the specific demands of the companies designing water wastewater treatment facilities. The information on the implemented project of wastewater treatment facilities in Bokino village of the Tambov Region in the Tambov Area with the use of GCP mechanized screw screens is presented. The process line consists of several wastewater treatment stages including mechanical (removal of coarse litter and sand), biological (removal of organics and nutrients), and several stages of tertiary treatment, sedimentation and filtration. At the final stage of the process line the effluent is UV disinfected and discharged into the Tsna River. Commissioning the newly built wastewater treatment facilities provided for improving the living conditions for the residents, the ecological state of the Tsna River which is the main waterway in the Tambov Area, and the safety and quality of the beaches in the city of Tambov.

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№3|2021

ABROAD

DOI 10.35776/VST.2021.03.08
UDC 628.31:578.834.1

Kofman V. Ya., Vishnevskii Mikhail

Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater (review)

Summary

The COVID-19 pandemic, declared by WHO as a health emergency, is caused by a novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. According to reports from the European Union, the United States and Australia, the potential survival of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in feces and wastewater for a sufficiently long time creates a real threat of its entry with wastewater into treatment facilities or directly into surface water while raw wastewater is discharged. This indicates the potential for the transfer of SARS-CoV-2 by water. In this regard, the development of effective methods for the removal and inactivation of viruses at the treatment facilities is of special actuality. The presence of coronavirus infection in wastewater can pose a serious health hazard to people in contact with it. These include the personnel at the wastewater treatment facilities, as well as the general population, who may be directly exposed to raw or inadequately treated wastewater through defective water or sewer systems. In many countries wastewater epidemiology methods are used to obtain timely reliable information on the spread of coronavirus infection. Possible detection of RNA virus in wastewater even with a low prevalence rate of COVID-19 and the correlation between the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and official information indicate that monitoring wastewater can become a sensitive tool for monitoring the circulation of the virus in the
population.

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№6|2016

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

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UDC 628.357.661.5

Kofman V. Ya.

Culturing microalgae for nutrients removal from wastewater (review)

Summary

Research works in the field of microalgae culturing with the use of wastewater as substrate have gained ground overseas. In this way the removal of nutrients used for biomass growth as well as of some heavy metals and other pollutants is provided. A description of process flow schemes of wastewater treatment combined with microalgae culturing and basic indicators of wastewater treatment facilities operation is presented. Three options of retrofitting a microalgae culturing plot are considered: at the end of the process flow scheme for enhanced nutrients removal from wastewater and biomass production as a raw material for biofuel; at the beginning of the process flow scheme with possible utilization of both nutrients for microalgae culturing and organic carbon that improves the biomass output; the scheme that provides for feeding only nutrient enriched solution from dewatering aerobically digested sludge are considered. Microalgae can be a valuable raw material for production of biofuel, food supplements, fertilizers, soil conditioners and adsorbents. However, for the implementation of such schemes large production areas are required, therefore their use is expedient for small-scale treatment facilities or facilities located in small towns or rural areas. Beside that a solution for some technological problems is required. The keen interest in the research in this field in different countries shows that the wastewater treatment technology with the use of culturing microalgae is an upcoming trend for experts.

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№12|2014

ABROAD

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UDC 628.16/.3:615.31

Kofman V. Ya.

Pharmaceuticals in natural, drinking and wastewater
(review)

Summary

The presence of pharmaceuticals in the natural water environment is becoming a subject of focused attention. For the moment more than 180 pharmaceuticals (pain relievers and anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, beta-blockers, contrast agents, Lipid-lowering agents, psychiatric medicines, hormones and antiseptics) and their metabolites that keep bioacti­vity have been registered in the water environment in many countries. Most often detected among them are diclofenac, carbamazepin, clofibric acid, ibuprofen, bizafibrate, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, phenazone, ketoprofen, roxithromycin, triclozan, iopromide. The sources of pharmaceuticals ending up in municipal wastewater are residential sector, medical institutions, pharmaceutical factories, animal clinics and live stock breeding complexes. The concentration of separate pharmaceuticals can reach 40 µg/l. At the traditional wastewater treatment facilities pharmaceuticals can be removed in the process of biodegradation/biotransformation and activated sludge adsorption. However, the efficiency of removing many of them is typically low. The concentration of certain pharmaceuticals in surface waters can reach in average 10 µg/l, in underground waters – 1 µg/l. This results in bioaccumulation of most common medicines in the tissue of fish and other aquatic organisms. In the process of drinking water purification pharmaceuticals are removed in the processes of coagulation, filtration, activated carbon adsorption, chlorination and ozonation. Quite a number of medicines cannot be completely eliminated. As a result in many countries they are detected in drinking water in concentrations from several nanograms to 1 µg/l. For the moment there is a lack of reliable data on the toxicological effect of pharmaceuticals present in water environment; however this issue is extensively investigated.

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