Новые окислительные технологии очистки воды и сточных вод (часть 1) (обзор зарубежных изданий)

Аннотация

При росте населения и увеличении водопотребления на производственные нужды остро встает вопрос о покрытии дефицита воды питьевого качества. Решение этого вопроса возможно с использованием инновационных технологических схем при очистке сточных вод. Это новые окислительные технологии: гомогенные и гетерогенные фотокаталитические процессы, озонирование, варианты процесса Фентона, ультразвуковая обработка, мокрое окисление, электрохимические процессы, окисление в суперкритической воде, плазменные процессы, ферратная и персульфатная технологии, ионизирующее излучение и микроволновая обработка. Основную роль в этих процессах играют гидроксильные радикалы. Фотокаталитические процессы протекают в присутствии катализаторов, наиболее эффективным из которых является диоксид титана (TiO2). Они проводятся в фотокаталитических реакторах с суспендированным катализатором и с катализатором на инертном носителе. При обеззараживании воды достижение синергетического эффекта происходит при совмещении новых окислительных технологий и хлорирования. Процесс Фентона основан на использовании реагента – смеси соли Fe2+ (катализатора) и пероксида водорода. Основным параметром этого процесса является оптимальное значение рН от 2,8 до 4. Рассмотрен процесс озонирования, протекающий при участии гидроксильных радикалов, образующихся в результате химических трансформаций озона при восстановительном потенциале гидроксильных радикалов, равном 2,8. Оптимальное образование гидроксильных радикалов получают в озонаторах с установкой дозатора пероксида водорода (процесс «Пероксон»). Рассмотрены процессы озонирования при ультрафиолетовом облучении, при ультрафиолетовом облучении в присутствии пероксида водорода, совместное использование озонирования и ультразвука (процесс «Сонозон»). В процессе обработки сточных вод с использованием новых окислительных технологий наблюдается положительный эффект, позволяющий обеспечить требуемую степень очистки. Статья публикуется с продолжением.

Ключевые слова

хлорирование , озонирование , очистка воды , катализатор , окислительная технология , гидроксильные радикалы

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