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UDC 628.166.094.3(477.75)
Gutenev V. V., Denisov V. V., Skryabin A. Yu., FESENKO L. N.
Water supply of the Crimea: advanced water disinfection technologies based on the local resources
Summary
Supplying population with high quality drinking water and efficient industrial and domestic wastewater treatment have been global challenges aggravating against the growing scarcity of available fresh water. These problems together with the impact on the human health and economy have also been urgent for many territorial entities of the Russian Federation including the new one – Republic of Crimea. The main problems in water supply of the present-day Crimea have been caused by the deficiency of drinking water, low sanitary reliability of the water treatment systems, lack of sufficient amount of disinfecting units in the agricultural areas, unsatisfactory sanitary and engineering condition of the water distribution networks. All that is worsening the epidemiologic situation at the health resorts of the peninsula, particularly during the high season. The unsatisfactory and even critical condition of the Crimean municipal and communal water supply infrastructure makes it difficult to provide adequate quality water (and wastewater) services to the population. The options of applying water treatment technologies with the use of different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite with an account of the specific features of the South and Steppe Crimea are considered. The availability of sea water and brackish water sources on the peninsula plain, possible use of the «honeycomb» system of disinfectant distribution make introducing the given technology on the large-scale environmentally safe and economically feasible.
Key words
water supply , sodium hypochlorite , electrolysis , water disposal , water disinfection , sea water , ground brackish water
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UDC 621.357.1:628.162.8
KINEBAS A. K., JAKOVLEV V. Ju., NEFEDOVA E. D., Lobanov Fedor
Water Disinfection with Weak Sodium Hypochlorite at Water Supply Stations of St. Petersburg
Summary
The method of water disinfection with sodium hypochlorite produced from common salt solution using the electrolysis method at the place of use has been introduced at two largest water supply stations, Southern and Northern, of St. Petersburg. The use of sodium hypochlorite of low concentration makes it possible to avoid the necessity of transportation and long-term storage of a ready solution. The technology introduced makes it possible to minimize considerably the risk existing in the case of the use of liquefied chlorine and reduce the operation expenses comparing with strong solutions of sodium hypochlorite.
Key words:
disinfection , sodium hypochlorite , weak solution , electrolysis , common salt , softened water , process automation
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UDC 628.166:628.1.033 (470.61-25)
FESENKO L. N., Ignatenko S. I., Skryabin A. Yu., Fedotov R. V.
Ensuring of Wastelessness and Ecological Compatibility of Technology of Sodium Hypochlorite at the ChlorefsUnits
Summary
The ways of solving the problem of ensuring of wastelessness and ecological compatibility of the technology of large-tonnage production of sodium hypochlorite at electrolysis stations of high-capacity water treatment facilities are considered. It is shown that for conditioning of water used for preparation of salt solutions the method of acid decarbonization is more preferable as excluding the generation of some accompanying waste water. It is considerably cheaper than the cationite softening and makes it possible to use the salt of any quality. The saturators for preparation of saturated salt solution should be equipped with the washing systems similar to high-rate water supply filters with wash water discharge into the system of treatment and its reuse in the scheme of dissolution.
Key words
disinfection , sodium hypochlorite , electrolysis , wash water , dissolution , cationite softening , decarbonization
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UDC 628.166.094.3
FESENKO L. N., Ignatenko S. I., Pchel'nikov I. V.
Improving the technology of sodium hypochlorite production by seawater electrolysis
Summary
An alternative method of low concentrated sodium hypochlorite production by seawater electrolysis in substitution for sodium hypochlorite produced by the traditional technology from table white salt solution is considered. The results of studying sodium hypochlorite production by electrolysis of the natural Black Sea water, model Black Sea water in comparison with 3% table white salt solution are presented. The effect of physical and chemical parameters of seawater electrolysis on the amount of generated active chlorine was experimentally investigated. The chemical composition and structure of cathodic deposits formed with time during the electrolysis of seawater, decarbonated seawater and 3% table white salt solution were determined. Comparative evaluation of corrosion and electrochemical characteristics of metal-oxide anode coatings (oxide ruthenium-titanium anodes and oxide iridium-ruthenium-titanium anodes) at seawater and 3% NaCl solution is presented. The expediency of producing sodium hypochlorite by seawater electrolysis was experimentally confirmed and the optimal process conditions were determined. The optimal composition of metal-oxide anode coatings used in low concentrated sodium hypochlorite by seawater electrolysis was determined. Based on the results of research and experimental studies the recommendations for the selection of process flow schemes of sodium hypochlorite production by seawater electrolysis in circulating and flow operation modes were prepared, and the sound fields of their application were justified. The technical and economic assessment of the recommended technology was carried out.
Key words
disinfection , sodium hypochlorite , electrolysis , sea water , gaseous chlorine , oxide ruthenium-titanium anode , iridium-ruthenium-titanium anode
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