Bacterial composition of activated sludge: identification and visualization

Summary

The objective of this work is to describe the capabilities of a method for visualizing activated sludge bacteria based on the information from an Internet resource for developing textbooks and/or manuals. Advanced methods of microscopy of the bacterial community are considered: optical light, scanning electron (SEM), transmission electron (TEM), confocal (CLSM), fluorescence hybridization in situ (FISH), new generation sequencing (NGS). On the basis of the methods presented, examples of bacterial flocculation of activated sludge with extracellular and reserve biopolymers are given. According to the highest citation frequency in professional reference books and literature, a sample of the most typical bacteria from the composition of floccules of activated sludge was compiled. Examples of visualization of four bacteria by SEM, TEM, KLSM, FISH methods are given: Bacillus subtilis (gram-positive, spore-forming, optionally aerobic), Nitrospira defluvii (gram-negative, aerobic, chemolithotrophic, nitrite-oxidizing), Candidatus «Accumulibacter phosphatis» (gram-negative, phosphate-accumulating), Candidatus «Microthrix parvicella» (gram-positive, filamentous, actinomycete). To date, the Internet resource contains a sufficient amount of reliable data on the visualization of activated sludge bacteria, their functionality and properties related to the key processes of biological treatment, classification or taxonomy, as well as on the methods of their microscopic study. The implementation of the capabilities for identifying the bacterial composition of activated sludge and the quantitative ratio of heterotrophic, autotrophic and phosphate-accumulating biomasses provides for setting and/or calibrating models of ASM series (for example, in GPS-X, BioWin, etc. software environment).

Key words

biological treatment , activated sludge , phosphate accumulating bacteria , filamentous bacteria , bacterial composition , extracellular biopolymers , visualization , identification , filamentous bacteria , autotrophic bacteria

Causes and methods of control of foam formation in aeration tanks

Summary

The phenomenon of foam formation caused by the development of filamentous microorganisms is a common problem observed at the wastewater treatment facilities. Foam types, microorganisms responsible for activated sludge bulking and foaming are described. The causes stimulating mass growth of filamentous microorganisms in aeration tanks: high concentration of grease and oil products in wastewater, high sludge age and low concentration of dissolved oxygen in aerobic zones of aeration tanks have been analyzed. The experts of R&D Centre of «Mosvodokanal» OJSC developed the criteria of evaluating the number of filamentous nocardioformic actinomycetes in the process of microscopic investigation of the sample. The simple and practical method of quantitative determination of activated sludge filamentous microorganisms developed and used in «Mosvodokanal» OJSC is presented. Special attention is paid to the methods used in the world practice for prevention and elimination of foaming in aeration tanks: improvement of primary settling tanks operation, sludge age control, optimization of dissolved oxygen concentration, chlorination, the use of extractors, surface foam traps, anti-foaming agents, coagulants and polymers. The analysis of world practice gives evidences that methods of foam control shall be selected with account of the specific features of the technology used and parameters of incoming wastewater. Comprehensive measures including both short-term and long-term methods of foam control turn to be most efficient. In connection with global prevalence of foaming phenomenon at the biological municipal wastewater treatment facilities it seems appropriate to take into account the technical and technological means of foam elimination already at the stage of designing treatment facilities.

Key words

wastewater , biological treatment , foaming , filamentous bacteria , activated sludge bulking , anti-foaming agent