Estimation of the anthropogenic load on small rivers by the level of pollution of bottom sediments with organic matter, phosphates and iron

Summary

The results of studies on estimating the anthropogenic load on small rivers of the Vladimir region in terms of the level of pollution of bottom sediments with organic matter, phosphates and iron (III) compounds are presented. The Ilevna, Kamenka and Sodyshka rivers are characterized by different surface areas and population level of their watersheds, and by the identity of non-point sources of pollution. It has been established that water and bottom sediments of the studied watercourses are heavily polluted with organic matter, phosphates and iron (III) compounds; and, consequently they are eutrophicated. In terms of the pollution of hydroecosystems with organic matter and phosphates, the watercourses form a series: Sodyshka > Kamenka > Ilevna, and in terms of the concentration of iron (III): Kamenka > Sodyshka > Ilevna. Judging from the COD index that characterizes pollution with organic compounds, the water of the Ilevna river is dirty, and the Sodyshka and Kamenka rivers are very dirty. The ecosystems of the Sodyshka and Kamenka rivers are heavily polluted. In order to prevent hypereutrophication and degradation, cleaning their riverbeds to remove bottom sediments is proposed. A method is suggested for calculating the anthropogenic load of certain pollutants with account of their concentration in the bottom sediments and watershed area.

Key words

phosphates , anthropogenous impact , bottom deposits , small rivers , organic matter , iron (III)

DOI 10.35776/MNP.2019.12.01
UDC 504.54.062.4:502.65

Ivankova T. V.

Assessment of the degree of anthropogenic load in the basin of the small Alma river

Summary

The ecological state of small river basins determines the water and hydrochemical regime of larger rivers and groundwater deposits. Measures required to improve the conditions of a small river are identified on the basis of an assessment of the ecological state of its catchment basin. Spatial environmental diagnostics of the basin of the small Alma river, located in the northern part of the Bakhchisarai Region of Crimea, was carried out. The critical ecological situation in the piedmont part of the river basin has been identified. This area is located in the recharge zone of the artesian basin and poses risk as a potential source of groundwater pollution. The practical significance of this work provides for using research results for hydroecological purposes in assessing the ecological state of landscapes, monitoring the impact of anthropogenic factors on the environment, and planning recreational development of the basin of the Alma river and similar small rivers.

Key words

anthropogenous impact , small rivers , environmental diagnostics , ecological state of the river basin , catchment basin

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UDC 504.064:551.577.21

Stepanov Mikhail, Primin Oleg, Vereshchagina Lidiia, SHVETSOV V. N.

Development of the Regional program of protecting Moscow water bodies from pollution with surface runoff

Summary

The description of the Moscow system of surface runoff disposal and treatment characterized by the extensive use of the urban hydrographical system as elements of the drainage network is presented. Nowadays the system is positioned as «urban collector-river drainage system» that encompasses up to 90% of the Moscow territory within its old boundaries. It is noted that surface runoff from the developed areas, properly collected and diffused, is a main source of technogenic pollution and degradation of the water bodies in Moscow in the city area. Under current conditions improving their ecological state is possible only by the implementation of measures on reducing the anthropogenic impact on the water bodies and their catchment basins; eliminating the accumulated environmental damage; restoring the self-purification capacity and protecting underground water from pollution. To perform these tasks the Regional program of protecting the Moscow water bodies from surface runoff pollution basing on the principles of regulating the discharge of pollutants on the basis of the best available techniques of wastewater treatment is proposed. In the process of developing the Regional program together with the information-technical reference book ITS 10-2015 «Wastewater treatment with the use of public wastewater disposal systems of settlements, urban districts» a number of governmental bylaws developed and adopted in furtherance of the provisions of Federal Laws No. 219-FZ and No. 416-FZ should be also taken into account.
и № 416-ФЗ.

Key words

best available techniques , surface runoff , environmental damage , anthropogenous impact , surface runoff collection and treatment , regional program

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UDC 628.161.3

Zhurba M. G., Govorova Zh. M., Petrov Iu. V., Govorov O. B.

The technology of water purification from the source in conditions of high anthropogenous impact (substantiation, design, introduction)

Summary

The concept of «efficient water purification» is suggested, the selection criteria are set out. Process flow diagram of water abstraction and purification facilities has been designed including: primary water purification with removal of suspended solids and phytoplankton in prefilters with floating media; chemical water treatment in the process of clarification in lamella plate clarifiers and filtration in two-stage filters with inert and heavy media with regular addition of fine-granulated sorbent between the stages; combined water disinfection with the use of weak sodium hypochlorite solution and uv-radiation. The results of pre-design testing the technology of the Don River (the Bol’shaia Kalancha river arm in conditions of high anthropogenous impact) water purification at the test bench are presented. Chemical free water filtration in prefilter media provides for reducing phytoplankton loading approximately by 26–38% and suspended solids loading by 10–35% at the basic facilities at less than 50 m/h filtration rate. Uniform and efficient mixing and floc formation are provided within 0.5–1.5 and 10–15 minutes, relatively, at the speed of the mixer blade rotation of 185 and 60 rpm and recommended coagulant dosage of 2.5 mg/l (10 mg/l in case of sharp deterioration of the water quality). The operation of a nanofiltration plant during the period of water quality deterioration ensured reducing hardness, total dissolved solids, sulfate and chloride concentrations. The basic process parameters of separate units of the process flow scheme that provide for reliable compliance with the standard water purification degree are defined. Based on the study results the recommendations on designing were developed and the water abstraction and purification facilities with a capacity of 150,000 m3/day were designed. At present the facilities are under construction.

Key words

reagent treatment , suspended substances , phytoplankton , natural water , filtration , anthropogenous impact , efficient water purification technology , water abstraction and purification facilities , pre-design testing