On the practicability of using ultraviolet to remove chloramines
in swimming pools

Summary

There is a practice of using ultraviolet irradiation as a method for removing chloramines from water in swimming pools and waterparks. The review of scientific publications devoted to this technology is presented. Based on the literature data, it is concluded that UV irradiation has practically no effect on the concentration of chloramines in water in swimming pools and waterparks. UV irradiation is more effective while being used for disinfection in combination with chlorination. The combination of UV irradiation and chlorination provides for the reliable disinfection with possible reducing the concentration of chlorine and its derivatives in pool water. And the removal of chloramines, if required, should be carried out by other technologies as part of advanced water treatment schemes that solve this problem more efficiently (correct multilayer filtration, the use of activated carbon, etc.).

Key words

water treatment , swimming pool , UV-irradiation , chloramine removal

Features of Operation of Control and Measuring Equipment in Water with Higher Carbonate Hardness

Summary

Reasons for the failure of control and measuring equipment determining the free residual chlorine in a swimming pool’s water are considered. In process of the equipment operation deposits on a measuring electrode of a running-water cell and corrosion of a counter electrode are observed. The inspection of the swimming pool’s water treatment system, chemical analysis of deposits on the measuring electrode and analysis of the pool’s water allow to suppose that this water composition favors the calcium carbonate deposition on the surfaces of pipelines and equipment. The assessment of water stability shows that the index of saturation with calcium carbonate is sufficiently high. Results of the experimental study of stabilizing treatment of water for the purpose of reducing the index of saturation with calcium carbonate are presented. Dozes of reagents selected optimally favor the normal operation of equipment.

Key words

water treatment , swimming pool , free chlorine measuring system , stability index , carbonate deposits

Toxic byproducts of water disinfection in swimming pools:
ways of formation and health risks
(review)

Summary

Up to date around 100 byproducts of water disinfection in swimming pools have been identified. Their basic precursors are biological fluids of the human organism and various organic pollutants also introduced by the visitors. Numerous studies have revealed the potential toxicity of water disinfection byproducts. At present in some countries the concentrations of trihalomethanes and halogen acetic acids in water in swimming pools are subject to regulation. Meeting the currently adopted water quality standards can be ensured by traditional disinfection methods (chlorination, ozonation, ultraviolet irradiation, the use of mixed oxidants) only providing the attendance policy and swimming pool maintenance rules have been observed, during their intensive use, in particular. Lately much attention has been paid to highly toxic nitrogen-containing and brominated byproducts of water disinfection that are present in high concentrations in swimming pools with sea water. For water disinfection in swimming pools different methods are used; herewith for each of them alongside with advantages the probability of byproduct formation exists. The list of detected disinfection byproducts is continuously expanded owing to the improvement of the analytical instruments as well as to the increase of the variety of pollutants introduced by the visitors, sun-protections creams in particular.

Key words

swimming pool , disinfection byproducts , precursor , highly toxic chlorinated, brominated and nitrogen-containing substances