UDC 628.221
DOI 10.35776/VST.2023.03.07
Volkov Sergei, Luk’ianchuk Maksim, Zhitenev A. I., Kuz’min Valentin, Rublevskaya O. N., Hyamyalyainen M. M., Gvozdev V. A., Erofeev Vasilii, Kostenko I. G., IGNATCHIK V. S., Ignatchik S. Iu., Kuznetsova N. V., Seniukovich Mikhail
Methods and results of estimating calculated rain parameters
for the surface runoff disposal systems of Saint-Petersburg
Part 1. For hydraulic calculations while designing
Summary
Municipal systems of surface runoff disposal must be adapted to the conditions of the changed climate with account of the local conditions and specific circuit designs. In accordance with the world practice, one of the stages of the work package in this area is the justification of the calculated rain parameters for the considered climate area. At the same time, to solve design problems, it is enough to adjust the standard climatic parameters. When substantiating their calculated values, the method of adaptation of the complex parameter A is applied to the group of scaling methods. It was established that for St. Petersburg, the dynamics of change in parameter A for the period ∆τ = 50 years was 9.1%. The result obtained using this method was verified by comparing it with the results of other studies: cited in the third estimation report on climate changes and their consequences in the Russian Federation; obtained by the FSBI «Main Geophysical Observatory named after A. I. Voeikov»; obtained by the classical method that provided for processing of the primary experimental information.
Key words
surface runoff disposal system , flooding , adaptation measures , calculated parameters of rains , rain profiles
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UDC 628.221
DOI 10.35776/VST.2023.04.07
Volkov Sergei, Luk’ianchuk Maksim, Zhitenev A. I., Kuz’min Valentin, Rublevskaya O. N., Gvozdev V. A., Erofeev Vasilii, Kostenko I. G., IGNATCHIK V. S., Ignatchik S. Iu., Kuznetsova N. V., Seniukovich Mikhail
Methods and results of estimating calculated rain parameters for the surface runoff disposal systems of Saint-Petersburg Part 2. For hydraulic calculations in simulation
Summary
Urban surface runoff disposal systems need to be adapted to the changing climate with account of local conditions and schematic design features. In line with the world practice, one of the stages of the works in this area is the substantiation of the calculated parameters of rain for the considered climatic region. At the same time, to fulfill the design tasks adjusting the specified climatic parameters will be sufficient. However, justifying the solutions on the upgrade of the drainage systems using computational models, substantiating the profiles of calculated rains constituting the graphs of the temporal variations of their intensity is needed. While substantiating these profiles, the following requirements were taken into account: the maximum 10-minute amount of precipitation that can cause flooding in the wastewater disposal networks; the accumulative amount of atmospheric precipitation during 1 hour that can cause flooding in the tunnel sewers. It has been established that under these requirements, the temporal variation of the rain intensity representing the design rain profile can be expressed as a continuous analytical function with two parameters: i0 – the maximum instantaneous rain intensity (mm/h) and the empirical parameter φ (min–1). It has been experimentally determined that for St. Petersburg, for example, with a return period of p = 1 year, φ = 0.1837 min–1, i0 = 40.21924 mm/h.
Ключевые слова
surface runoff disposal systems , flooding , adaptation measures , calculated parameters of rains , rain profiles
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UDC 628.221
DOI 10.35776/VST.2023.06.05
Volkov Sergei, Luk’ianchuk Maksim, Zhukova Anastasiia, Zhitenev A. I., Kuz’min Valentin, Rublevskaya O. N., Gvozdev V. A., Erofeev Vasilii, Kostenko I. G., IGNATCHIK V. S., Ignatchik S. Iu., Kuznetsova N. V., Fes’kova A. Ia.
Methods and results of estimating calculated rain parameters for the surface runoff disposal systems of Saint-Petersburg
Part 3. For hydraulic calculations in designing and modeling with account of the uneven distribution of rain intensities areally
Summary
Municipal surface runoff disposal systems need to be adapted to the changing climate with account of local conditions and schematic design features. In line with the world practice, one of the stages of the research in this area is the substantiation of the calculated parameters of rain for the considered climatic region. Herewith, to solve design problems, adjusting the standard climatic parameters is sufficient, whereas, to solve the problems related to the justification of decisions on the upgrade of wastewater disposal systems using calculation models, justifying the design rain profiles constituting graphs of the intensity variations over time is required. In addition, justifying the calculated parameters of rains with account of the spatial variability is needed. Beyond that, for large areas, the design rainfall parameters must be converted to average values. In world practice, this is done by multiplying the average rainfall intensity for a given duration, frequency and area by the appropriate reduction factor – areal reduction factor (ARF). In domestic practice, while designing, a similar reduction factor is also used called a correction factor that takes into account the uneven rainfall areally. However, the reliability of the values of these correction factors is very doubtful, since, for example, with a runoff area of less than 4km2, the values are available only for the conditions of Moscow, whereas the origin of the values for a runoff area of more than 4km2 is not known. For these reasons, in St. Petersburg, along with the assessment of the actual and prospective parameters of calculated rains used in design and modeling, the regularities of the distribution of rain intensity areally were additionally determined. As a result of the research, the hypothesis that areal and point precipitation have the same probability of exceeding was confirmed, as well as the type and parameters of the dependence were substantiated for estimating the actual values of the correction factors that take into account the unevenness of rainfall areally.
Key words
surface runoff disposal systems , flooding , adaptation measures , calculated parameters of rains , rain profiles
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UDC 628.221
DOI 10.35776/VST.2025.04.04
Volkov Sergei, Luk’ianchuk Maksim, Zhukova Anastasiia, Solokhin Anton, Kuz’min Valentin, Zhitenev A. I., Rublevskaya O. N., Gvozdev V. A., Erofeev Vasilii, Kostenko I. G., IGNATCHIK V. S., Ignatchik S. Iu., Kuznetsova N. V., Seniukovich Mikhail, Eshchenko Andrei
Justification of the optimum alternative of the wastewater disposal system of St. Petersburg adapting to the conditions of the joint effect of urbanization and climate change
Part 2. Results of substantiation of the optimum alternative
Summary
A specific feature of operating combined wastewater disposal systems (including the St. Petersburg wastewater disposal system) during periods of heavy overrating rainfall is the exceedance of daily wastewater volumes over the daily capacity of the treatment facilities. The degree of excess amount increases with an increase in the average period of the rain frequency. In case of considering only the elements of the «grey» infrastructure as adaptation measures, then the excess of wastewater should be accumulated or discharged through overflows. Hydraulic simulation of the St. Petersburg wastewater disposal system confirms the shortage of accumulation tanks. For example, when rain falls with a 20-year recurrence for the right-bank sewer basin, then the accumulation capacity deficiency is 700 thousand m3. Herewith, for rains with a recurrence of 0.5 years, additional tanks are not required. While developing adaptation measures, an alternative to constructing accumulating tanks, that is, «grey» technologies, is the introduction of «green» technologies in the form of biological retaining systems. A list of alternative adaptation measures was substantiated by hydraulic dynamic simulation. As a result of the economic comparison of the alternatives, the optimum alternative was substantiated for a period of a single excess of the estimated 5-year rainfall intensity. It was established that in case of implementing the entire list of the adaptation measures, the probability of wastewater discharge into the municipal water bodies through the controlled emergency outfalls and all overflows will decrease to 0.2%.
Key words
surface runoff disposal system , flooding , adaptation measures , calculated parameters of rains
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UDC 628.221
DOI 10.35776/VST.2025.05.05
Volkov Sergei, Luk’ianchuk Maksim, Zhukova Anastasiia, Solokhin Anton, Kuz’min Valentin, Zhitenev A. I., Rublevskaya O. N., Gvozdev V. A., Erofeev Vasilii, Kostenko I. G., IGNATCHIK V. S., Ignatchik S. Iu., Kuznetsova N. V., Seniukovich Mikhail, Eshchenko Andrei
Justification of the optimum alternative of the wastewater disposal system of St. Petersburg adapting to the conditions of the joint effect of urbanization and climate change
Part 3. Estimation of the economic efficiency of an automated wastewater management system
Summary
In order to adapt wastewater disposal systems to the joint effect of urbanization and climate change, traditional static measures are applied in global practice based on the use of «gray-green» technologies inclusive of dividing combined systems into separate ones, as well as dynamic solutions using real-time control – Real Time Control (RTC). The experience of implementation shows that none of the adaptation measures can provide for 100% efficiency. Therefore, overflows in wastewater disposal systems cannot be prohibited (this provision is enshrined in the legislation of almost all countries of the world). At the same time, the RTC strategy is the most cost-effective measure, however, limited in efficiency (20–30%). Therefore, in case the efficiency of RTC measures is insufficient, combining them with intermediate storage tanks is advisable. In this regard, an estimation of the economic efficiency of using an automated system for wastewater disposal management in St. Petersburg in real time was carried out. The main method of research was hydraulic dynamic modeling, with estimating: the efficiency of the storage tank control in real time; the efficiency of transferring wastewater between three sewer zones of St. Petersburg in real time, taking into account the parameter characterizing the uneven rainfall distribution areally.
Key words
surface runoff disposal system , flooding , adaptation measures , automated wastewater management system
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UDC 628.221
DOI 10.35776/VST.2025.06.02
Volkov Sergei, Luk’ianchuk Maksim, Zhukova Anastasiia, Solokhin Anton, Kuz’min Valentin, Zhitenev A. I., Rublevskaya O. N., Gvozdev V. A., Erofeev Vasilii, Kostenko I. G., IGNATCHIK V. S., Ignatchik S. Iu., Kuznetsova N. V., Seniukovich Mikhail, Eshchenko Andrei
Justification of the optimum alternative of the wastewater disposal system of St. Petersburg adapting to the conditions of the joint effectof urbanization and climate change
Part 4. Justification of the type of model for the management
of a wastewater disposal system
Summary
As follows from the economic comparison, the optimal option for adapting the wastewater disposal system to the conditions of the combined impact of urbanization and climate change St. Petersburg is a combination of «gray» technologies and an automated control system (ACS). Elements of «gray» technologies, in particular, include the construction of intermediate storage tanks and flow redistribution nodes between basins. An ACS with intermediate storage tanks and water outlets control in real time (Real Time Control, RTC) is a proven approach to reducing flooding and raw wastewater spills. The method for developing RTC strategies involves two main stages. The first stage is defining controlled sub-basins equipped with control points and spill points. At the second stage, the data of these subsystems (sub-basins) and their interrelations are used to develop control algorithms. For subjective and objective reasons implementing this approach in the conditions of the Russian Federation and St. Petersburg is virtually impossible. One way out of this situation is using artificial neural networks as a control model that can provide for the speed of analysis, generalization ability and high fault tolerance required for the effective implementation.
Key words
surface runoff disposal system , flooding , adaptation measures , automated wastewater management system
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DOI 10.35776/VST.2021.07.07
UDC 628.221
Volkov Sergei, Zhitenev A. I., Rublevskaya O. N., Kurganov Iu. A., Kostenko I. G., IGNATCHIK V. S., Ignatchik S. Iu., Kuznetsova N. V., Seniukovich Mikhail
Specific features of estimating calculated rainfall rates with account
Summary
The analysis of official data resources shows that the distribution of extreme rainfall over the territory is carried out with account of the microclimatic features of the area. To estimate the degree of reliability of such patterns within megalopolises, experimental studies were carried out, where the wastewater disposal system of St. Petersburg was assumed as an experimental base; a network of 34 automatic rain gauges recording with an interval of 5 minutes was assumed as a measuring instrument, and a base was used as experimental information, i. e., a measurement data base for six years. As a result of the research, it has been established that a microclimate is formed in the urban environment that differs from the climate outside it. Besides, on a megacity scale, there are microclimatic zones where the dependences of precipitation intensities on their frequency can differ significantly. In this case, the differences begin to manifest at periods p of one-time excess of the calculated rainfall intensity from 1.5–2 years, whereas at lower values, no differences have been found. The result obtained is consistent with the research data obtained by other authors, who experimentally established that the amount of extreme rainfall increased in those areas of megacities, as a rule, historical ones, where fewer green spaces are located, and, accordingly, a higher degree of surface overheating in summer is recorded.
Key words
rainfall intensity , surface runoff disposal system , climatic parameters , rainfall duration , flooding , microclimate
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DOI 10.35776/VST.2021.04.05
UDC 628.221
Volkov Sergei, Zhitenev A. I., Rublevskaya O. N., Kurganov Iu. A., Kostenko I. G., IGNATCHIK V. S., Ignatchik S. Iu., Kuznetsova N. V., Seniukovich Mikhail
Evaluation of the effectiveness of mechanisms for eliminating flooding of urbanized areas with surface runoff
Summary
Flooding of urbanized areas happens quite often, while, during periods of heavy rains, water rises to the surface flooding streets and basements. Flooding occurs for different reasons or due to their combination. The list of measures to reduce the flooding rate has been worked out in the world practice. These include measures aimed at reducing the runoff coefficient of drainage areas, as well as increasing the spare regulating capacities of the networks and sewers, etc. However, evaluating their effectiveness in the Russian Federation is complicated by the fact that the standard method of hydraulic calculation provides for taking into account the values of the periods of one-time excess of the calculated rainfall rates p that indicates the overflow rate in the networks. However, this method does not determine the rate pp of area flooding that results from the water spills. Through the example of St. Petersburg, a calculation method is presented for determining the average annual number of floods, as well as the results of evaluating the effectiveness of measures aimed at reducing them.
Key words
drainage area , surface runoff disposal system , climatic parameters , force of rain , rainfall duration , travel time , flooding
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DOI 10.35776/VST.2022.11.05
UDC 628.221
Volkov Sergei, Luk’ianchuk Maksim, Zhukova Anastasiia, Zhitenev A. I., Rublevskaya O. N., Erofeev Vasilii, IGNATCHIK V. S., Ignatchik S. Iu., Kuznetsova N. V.
Economic efficiency of measures to provide for the surface runoff disposal systems adaptation to changing climate conditions
Summary
The process of economic justification of measures to provide for the surface runoff disposal systems adaptation to the new operating conditions comes down to solving an optimization problem where the maximum economic effect is assumed as the optimization criterion in the form of the difference between the cost of prevented damage from flooding of territories during the periods of heavy rains and the costs of investment and operating activity. The justification of this approach is obvious, since from a stochastic point of view it is impossible to completely eliminate flooding. Accordingly, the estimation of the effectiveness of adaptation measures should be based on the comparison of costs and benefits. The key elements of such an estimation, along with the justification of effective engineering solutions for adaptation, is the determination of the number of floods for the estimated period of time and the damage expected from them, i. e., the damage function that is the sum of the products of the probabilities of damage and its cost. In the Russian Federation the approach that takes into account the probability of flooding, is unrealizable at the regulatory level, since at the stage of hydraulic calculations, the probability of exceeding the calculated rain intensity is taken into account rather than water outcrop. In addition, in domestic practice, as an engineering measure for the adaptation of wastewater disposal systems, the method of network upgrade is mainly used which is the most expensive one compared to other alternative methods. Therefore, the effectiveness of applying the method of network upgrade in combination with the introduction of elements of a «green» infrastructure and regulation of wastewater flows is analyzed using the example of a pilot wastewater drainage area.
Key words
economic efficiency , drainage area , surface runoff disposal system , flooding , adaptation measures
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