№1|2022

ЗА РУБЕЖОМ

DOI 10.35776/VST.2022.01.08
УДК 628.355:543.635.355:504.7

Кофман В. Я.

Перспективные направления переработки избыточного активного ила. Получение летучих жирных кислот (обзор)

Аннотация

Среди способов получения из активного ила продуктов с большей добавленной стоимостью, производство которых при этом не связано с выбросом парниковых газов, в качестве реальной альтернативы производству биогаза рассмат­ривают анаэробное сбраживание избыточного активного ила с получением в качестве конечного продукта летучих жирных кислот, которые в традиционном процессе являются промежуточным продуктом получения метана. Рассмот­рены основные факторы, влияющие на показатели производства летучих жирных кислот, в числе которых значение рН, температура, соотношение C/N, продолжительность процесса, нагрузка ферментера по органическим веществам, присутствие микроэлементов. Эффективным способом увеличения выхода летучих жирных кислот является совместное сбраживание избыточного активного ила с субстратами с высоким содержанием органического углерода (пищевые отходы, кукурузная солома, навоз, сточные воды молочного и целлюлозно-бумажного производства, фильт­рат полигонов твердых бытовых отходов), а также способы предварительной обработки: физические (ультразвуковые, микроволновые, термические), химические (щелочная обработка, свободная азотистая кислота, металлическое железо, пероксомоносульфат др.) и биологические (биологические поверхностно-активные вещества, гидролитические ферменты, гидролитические бактерии). Представлены основные области применения летучих жирных кислот, в числе которых получение среднецепочечных жирных кислот, производство полигидроксиалканоатов, белка одноклеточных организмов, электроэнергии, водорода, а также использование в качестве источника углерода в процессе биологического удаления азота.

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