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Number 1 / 2026
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UDC 556.531
DOI 10.35776/VST.2026.01.01
Ialaletdinova A. V., Yalaletdinov Radik, Vazhdaev Konstantine, Martiasheva Valentina, Reziapov Timur
Estimation of the trends of daily values of the river water total hardness
Summary
While controlling water treatment processes, monitoring water quality indicators is essential, since modeling their seasonal variations provides for predicting changes in river water. Time series of daily total hardness values in river water over a 28-year period were analyzed. Regression analysis was used to describe the trend of the indicator of river water. Parameters of the linear regression equations were determined using the Regression tool built in the Data Analysis Package in MS Excel. Prediction of changes in daily total hardness values in the river water was made through statistical modeling – constructing discrete Markov chains that account for the changes in the indicator owing to the random factors. Using the linear regression method, an equation was obtained that described the trend of the total hardness in river water over time. The F-test value revealed statistical significance of the equation. It was established that the total hardness of river water exhibits an upward trend. Using a statistical method – constructing finite Markov chains – a short-term prediction of the total hardness values in river water for the next 10 days was made. It was found that the probability of the total hardness values falling within the first region of the lowest potential risk (S1 state up to 3.5 °H) increases, while the probability of values falling within the second region (S2 state from 3.5 to 7 °H) decreases. While the probability of the values falling within the third region (S3 state above 7 °H, increased potential risk) increases, the increase is no more than 0.2%. Therefore, no increase in the river water hardness values is expected in the next 10 days following the study period.
Key words
water quality , control arrangements , total hardness , regression , stochastic system , Markov processes , probability of event
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UDC 628.164
DOI 10.35776/VST.2026.01.02
Kharitonov Nikolai, Savochkin Andrei, Kasatochkin A. S., Larionov S. Iu., Panteleev Aleksei, Riabchikov Boris
Chemical softening of the Don River water in a dynamic softening system – a unit with fluidized inert bed
Summary
Underground water sources with high levels of hardness salts are often used for drinking water supply. To provide for the potable water quality, water softening is required. The known softening methods result in significant amounts of liquid and solid waste, i. e. mineralized wastewater or sludge not subject to utilization. Chemical softening of drinking water in clarifiers is rarely used because of the difficulties in preparing chemicals, maintaining the required constant water temperature, and the complexity of the installations and their maintenance. Since the 1990s, the chemical softening technology in intensified reactors with contact media – such as vortex and fluidized bed reactors – has been developed and found widespread application in drinking water supply. These units are widely used in Europe and the USA being much easier to maintain than clarifiers. The capacity of these units reaches thousands of cubic meters per hour. Their main advantage is the elimination of liquid discharge and generation of solid waste that can be easily disposed of, with a virtually 100% clean water yield. In Russia, RPC Mediana-Filter JSC is actively developing this technology using DSS® (the proprietary dynamic softening system).
Key words
potable water , reagent treatment , suspended layer , pilot plant , water softening , contact media , fluidized bed , intensified reactor , liming , soda softening , river water purification , soda liming , DSS® dynamic softening system
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UDC 628.1
DOI 10.35776/VST.2026.01.03
Strelkov Aleksandr, Gorshkalev Pavel, Davydov Igor’, Shishkina Viktoriia
Analysis of failures in water supply networks in the Samara region in relation to the material and service life of pipes
Summary
The statistical data analysis on failures in water supply networks in the Samara region for a specific period, based on pipe material, diameter, and service life is presented. The relationship between the failure rate and pipe material is determined, and the effect of the pipe service life on the probability of failures is studied. The data on the high degree of the Samara water supply network wear, broken down by the municipal districts, is presented. The failure rate for the network is calculated as the ratio of the number of failures to the length of the network. It is shown that sections of the water supply network with a long service life need priority repair or replacement to reduce failures.
Key words
water supply network , pipe material , water distribution network reliability , network failures , network failures, pipeline service life
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UDC 628.35:579.695
DOI 10.35776/VST.2026.01.04
Zentsov Viacheslav, Lapshakova Irina, Kichigin Viktor, Talipov Rustem
Removing diethylene glycol from industrial wastewater
in a multi-section bioreactor
Summary
Wastewater containing diethylene glycol is currently incinerated or simply discharged into special storage facilities. The aim of this study was to investigate the overall unevenness and dynamics of diethylene glycol transformation by an established community of microorganisms-decomposers. The ethylene glycol transformation process was modeled in a custom-built setup – an 18-sectional, one-through bioreactor. An analysis of the obtained results showed that diethylene glycol destruction occurred in the first two sections, and the diethylene glycol concentration at the outlet did not exceed 0.15 g/dm3. These studies suggest that several groups of microorganisms are involved in glycol utilization.
Key words
microorganisms , bacteria , biomass , diethylene glycol , biomass , suspension transformation dynamics , decomposers
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UDC 628.341
DOI 10.35776/VST.2026.01.05
Girikov Oleg, Matуushenko Evgeny, Kniazev Roman, Urbokov Evgenii
Research studies of the efficiency of chemical technology for tertiary treatment of plating wastewater
Summary
The purpose of this study was a supplementary estimation of the effectiveness and optimal process parameters of a single-stage filtration technology for removing heavy metal ions and other contaminants from plating wastes. The technology was developed at NSUACE (Sibstrin) over 10 years ago. The results of the research studies conducted with actual wastewater from an operating plating plant are presented. The essence of the proposed tertiary treatment method is the conversion of heavy metal ions and hydroxides remaining in the effluent after neutralization and clarification in settling tanks with sodium sulfide into sulfides with a solubility millions of times lower than that of hydroxides. The experiments were conducted using various types of filter media (albitophyre, Sorbent MS, and Gidroantratsit A), with varying filtration rates, dosages, and chemical types. Optimal purification parameters were determined, as well as the application areas of single- and two-stage systems. Following single-stage treatment the effluent can be freely discharged into municipal sewers and water bodies used for drinking and household or cultural and social purposes, as well as used in the recycling water supply of plating plants. After two-stage filtration through clarification and sorption filters, the MPCs are achieved for discharging the effluent into fishery water bodies.
Key words
wastewater , granular media , filtration , efficiency of treatment , heavy metal ions , plating plant
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UDC 628.3
DOI 10.35776/VST.2026.01.06
Kichigin Viktor, Iudin Aleksandr
Estimation of the sludge toxicity at the Samara Wastewater Treatment Facilities
Summary
The results of studying the chemical composition of domestic wastewater sludge picked from a pressure pipeline from sludge beds of the Samara municipal wastewater treatment facilities for the period 2019–2023 are presented. The sludge from the sludge pipe contained excessive concentrations of Hg, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Zn in 2021; however, the listed above concentrations in the sludge from sludge beds met the SanPiN standards. The sludge also contained high levels of aluminum, which is not regulated. However, aluminum has a negative impact on the plant growth and development. In 2021, the sludge supplied through the sludge pipeline exceeded MPCs (based on the upper limits of the values being monitored) by approximately 9.9 times for mercury, approximately 2.1 times for nickel, approximately 5.5 times for lead, and approximately 2.5 times for zinc. The similar average annual copper concentration in 2023 exceeded MACs by approximately 1.02 times. No indicator exceeded MPCs in the sludge picked from sludge beds. Taking into account the obtained interval estimates of the deviations from the averages, the physicochemical composition of the sludge from the sludge beds was comparable to that of the sludge from the pressure sludge pipeline (except the data for 2023).
Key words
sludge , iron , heavy metals , aluminium , sludge beds , chemical properties , sludge toxicity
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UDC 532.7.72.614.844
DOI 10.35776/VST.2026.01.07
Baranchikova N. I., Yepifanov S. P., Kul’kov Viktor
Hydraulic calculation of dissipating outfalls
Summary
Recently, significant attention has been paid to the environmental issues in the reconstruction, upgrade, and construction of wastewater treatment facilities in the Russian Federation. In these instances, estimating the capacity (performance) of the final element in the treatment system, i. e. the discharge of effluents into a water body is obligatory. Calculating dissipating outfalls presents certain challenges, since this issue has received insufficient attention so far. Making hydraulic calculations of a dissipating outfall is proposed as not a calculation of one single element – the head – but of the entire system, i. e. supply and distribution pipelines, and all the existing heads (openings). Addressing this problem lies in solving a system of algebraic nonlinear equations describing flow distribution with variable withdrawal rates in the dissipating outfall under consideration. Consequently, the discharge rates through each head and the piezometric head values at all the outfall assemblies are determined. The proposed mathematical model of a dissipating outfall provides for not only estimating the functionality of an existing or planned outfall but also, in case of a damage (rupture) in the underwater part of the outfall, determining its parameters, i. e. the orifice area and the rate of the flow entering the watercourse through it. By analogy with pumps, the concept of a head and rate specification is introduced, providing for the use of one parameter (flow rate or head at the initial outfall assembly) to determine the other parameter eliminating the hydraulic calculation of the entire outfall. An example of a hydraulic calculation of a dissipating outfall with an estimation of the operating parameters is provided.
Key words
hydraulic design , pressure losses , distribution pipeline , headwall , variable abstraction , effluent discharge into a water body , dissipating outfall
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UDC 628.16.081
DOI 10.35776/VST.2026.01.08
Astashina Marina, Lapshakova Irina, Gaisina Sabina, Rakhimova Elina
Automated cartridge filter with recyclable media for surface runoff treatment
Summary
The key environmental aspects of populous cities and regions, as well as the problems of surface runoff disposal are described. The current issues of designing an automated cartridge filter for pre-treatment of surface runoff using recyclables – crushed rubber crumb – as a filter media are considered. The process solutions for using a hardware and software suite for surface runoff pretreatment are presented. The cartridge filter design is presented with the main parameters and operating principle calculated. A description of the unit is provided together with the algorithm for the combined operation with the software designed for monitoring and quality control of surface runoff entering the cartridge filter for pretreatment.
Key words
adsorption , surface runoff , efficiency of treatment , recoverable resources , rubber tires , rubber crumb , sorption capacity of the filter media
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