Industrial horizontal intensified clarifier for water
softening/decarbonization by liming

Summary

Chemical softening methods have been widely used in the water treatment practice. As shown in the previous review, the chemistry of the process has remained unchanged over the past 100 years; however, the instrumentation of the process has changed. This equates to significantly increase the capacity and efficiency of the devices. Research work has been carried out on designing domestic intensified apparatus for softening/decarbonization of water by liming; and their introduction into industrial practice has started. Studies of the developed version of the multi-chamber horizontal clarifier with liming of Aquafloc type were carried out. The boundary parameters of the process of water liming with coagulation with iron salts were determined. It was established that the improved mixing, acceleration of chemical reactions and recirculation of carbonate sludge (seed) provide for the optimization of the sedimentation process to reduce the coagulant consumption and significantly improve the sludge characteristics. Essential advantages of the clarifier are as follows: smaller dimensions and metal consumption compared to classical clarifiers, as well as a short time to reach the operating mode. Thereby, an Aquafloc clarifier can be delivered to the site ready assembled, ready-to-use and with anti-corrosion protection that significantly reduces the time and cost of assembling at the facility. The concentration of dry matter in sludge reaches 8%. In comparison with the existing VTI-630 clarifiers, Aquafloc clarifier showed similar results in terms of chemical parameters and the best in terms of the concentration of suspended solids. In terms of water consumption for own needs, the clarifier turned out to be at the level of VTI apparatus that have a total blowdown volume of 2–4%.

Key words

coagulation , suspended layer , hardness , enhanced treatment , water , mixing , chemical water softening , liming , horizontal clarifier

UDC 628.16.066.1:628.164-92
DOI 10.35776/VST.2023.03.03

Савочкин А. Ю., Kasatochkin A. S., Panteleev Aleksei, Riabchikov Boris, Larionov S. Iu., Gizzatullin Artur

Designing horizontal clarifiers and studying the efficiency of the water liming process

Summary

Chemical softening methods have been widely used in water treatment. As shown in the previous review, the chemistry of the process has remained unchanged for the past 100 years; however, the instrumentation has changed. This provides for increasing significantly the capacity of the devices and their efficiency. Mediana-Filter R&P JSC carried out research on the development of domestic intensified devices. The studies were carried out in a small-scale laboratory three-chambered horizontal clarifier with a lamellar settling tank and in a pilot clarifier with a variable chamber volume. The optimal procedure of introducing chemicals, the minimum and optimal residence time of water in the clarifier chambers have been determined. The achieved rate of the upward flow in the zone of clarification in the boundary conditions was 25 m/h. The data obtained was taken as a basis ground for designing industrial apparatuses.

Key words

suspended layer , hardness , water , mixing , chemical water softening , liming , horizontal clarifier

DOI 10.35776/VST.2021.06.02
UDC 628.164

Kasatochkin A. S., Larionov S. Iu., Panteleev Aleksei, Riabchikov Boris, Shilov Mikhail

Development of a dynamic water softening system – DSS

Summary

Underground water sources with a high concentration of hardness salts are often used for drinking water supply. The known methods of softening result in the formation of a significant amount of liquid and solid waste – saline wastewater or sludge that cannot be subject to utilization. Chemical softening of drinking water in clarifiers is rarely used due to the difficulty of preparing chemicals, maintaining the required and constant water temperature, to the complexity of installations and their maintenance. Since the 1990s, the technology of chemical softening in intensified reactors (vortex and in a blanket) has been widely used in drinking water supply. Such apparatuses have been widely used in Europe and the USA. Currently, Mediana-Filter Research and Production Company, JSC has been working on the development and study of this reactor type. They have a high specific capacity – 50–100 m³/(m²·h) and are much easier to maintain compared to clarifiers. The capacity of such equipment reaches thousands of cubic meters per hour. Their main advantage is the absence of liquid discharges, generation of solid waste, which can be subject to utilization, as well as an almost 100% yield of
clean water.

Key words

potable water , pilot plant , chemical water softening , calcic pellets , fluidized bed , intensified reactor , dynamic softening system , contact media blanket

DOI 10.35776/VST.2021.02.02
UDC 628.164

Larionov S. Iu., Panteleev Aleksei, Riabchikov Boris, Kasatochkin A. S.

Chemical water softening systems with a contact media blanket
(a review)

Summary

Chemical softening of drinking water is used quite rarely due to the difficulty of preparing chemicals, maintaining the required and constant water temperature, complicated design and maintenance of the installations under the conditions of a water intake. A particular problem is waste utilization. In the middle of the last century, so-called vortex reactors with contact media began to be used that had a significantly higher capacity and did not require water heating. In the reactors solid granules of carbonate are generated, which is equivalent to the modern concept of zero liquid discharge, i. e., closed cycle technology. In Russia, they were designed at VNII VODGEO; however, did not gain widespread use. The next step was the development of reactors with fluidized bed of contact media. These apparatuses are widely used in Europe and the USA. At present, Mediana-Filter SPC, JSC is busy with designing and studying such reactors. They have a high specific capacity – 50–100 m³/(m²·h) – and are much easier to operate and maintain than clarifiers. The capacity of the plants reaches thousands of cubic meters per hour. The review considers the stages of development, ways of improving the reactors, their advantages and disadvantages.
и существенно проще в обслуживании, чем осветлители. Производительность установок достигает тысяч кубометров в час. В обзоре рассмотрены стадии развития, пути усовершенствования реакторов, их преимущества и недостатки.

Key words

suspended layer , microsand , water , commercial plant , chemical water softening , contact media , vortex reactor , calcic pellets , fluidized bed

UDC 628.16.066.1:628.164-92
DOI 10.35776/VST.2023.01.04

Riabchikov Boris, Panteleev Aleksei, Larionov S. Iu., Савочкин А. Ю., Shilov Mikhail, Kasatochkin A. S.

Current state of the development of installations for water softening/decarbonization by liming (a review)

Summary

Chemical softening methods have been widely used in water treatment to reduce hardness and decarbonize water. The chemistry of the process has remained unchanged for the last 100 years, however, the instrumentation and some nuances of the technology are changing, i. e., the use of devices (lamellar blocks) for stabilizing flow and improving sludge settling, the use of flocculants and introduction of sludge formation centers (recirculation of activated sludge, microsand), etc. A separate method is the adoption of horizontal multi-chamber apparatus with mechanical mixing. This method provides for increasing significantly the capacity and efficiency of the apparatus. Modern ways of development of such apparatus and technologies in the Russian Federation and overseas are considered.

Key words

suspended layer , hardness , water , mixing , chemical water softening , liming , installations

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