UDC 628.16:574.58
DOI 10.35776/VST.2025.06.01
Ksenofontov Boris, Tiumentseva Mariia, Serov Sergei
Natural water purification using Chlorella microalgae
Summary
The results of studying the process of bioremediation of natural water using Chlorella microalgae, including mechanisms of pollution absorption, optimal conditions for microalgae culturing, and an estimation of the impact of purified water on the environment are presented. The purpose of this study is investigating the effect of different doses of Chlorella suspension on the removal of nitrogen, ammonia, and turbidity reduction in natural water. The experiment was carried out using Chlorella vulgaris microalgae culture with a concentration of 1.5 g/l. Natural water taken from the Iauza River was used as the test sample. During the 21-day experiment, a constant temperature of 25 °C and continuous illumination of 5000 lux were maintained. A turbidity meter HACH 2100N was used to determine the water turbidity. Concentrations of nutrients were determined using NKV-1 field laboratory for water analysis. The experimental study showed that the sample with 0.3 g/l Chlorella dose provided for the best results in terms of water quality: the nitrite concentration decreased to a minimum value of 0.01 mg/l, the nitrate concentration reached a minimum value of 0.001 mg/l (corresponding to the lower limit of sensitivity of the test method), the turbidity decreased from 2.61 to 0.58 mg/l.
Key words
turbidity , natural water , nutrients removal , Chlorella microalgae
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UDC 628.161.3
DOI 10.35776/VST.2023.03.02
Gandurina L. V., Budykina T. A., Iantsen O. V.
Removing fine clay impurities from natural water
Summary
The effect of the clay impurities (loams, clays, bentonites, kaolin) origin that determines the turbidity of natural water, on the kinetics of their sedimentation was studied. The percentage of clay impurities with a hydraulic size of 0.11 mm/s was determined. The effectiveness of the independent use of Praestol 650 cationic flocculant for removing clay impurities of various origin from turbid water is considered. It was established that the efficiency of natural water purification depended on the mineral composition and disperse characteristics of clay particles and could be increased for kaolinite-containing clay impurities from 69 to 91% by optimizing the flocculation parameters. It was shown that the optimal dose of Praestol 650 flocculant did not depend on the origin and disperse characteristics of clay particles and was 0.2 mg/l at an initial water turbidity of 107–187 mg/l. The possible use of the kinetic and flocculation characteristics of clay impurities in natural water to identify their mineral composition is considered.
Key words
cleansing , settling , turbidity , flocculation , hydraulic size , natural water , cationic flocculant , mixing rate gradient , clay impurities
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UDC 628.16
Bykova P. G., Strelkov A. K., Zanina Zh. V., Zanin M. A., Poniaeva A. P.
Filter wash water reuse
Summary
The technology of filter wash water reuse in the technological process at the main facilities of a filtration pumping station in Otradnyi town, Samara Area, is suggested. The basic characteristics of natural and wash water have been determined; the required parameters of the wash water clarification facilities have been calculated. The experimental results and calculations showed the possibility of using horizontal sedimentation tanks taken out of operation for wash water clarification with the purpose of its reuse. Basing on the experimental results the relationship between wash water and river flow rates prior to supplying to the mixing tank was stated. The basic operational characteristics of the facilities for wash water treatment have been determined. At present detailed engineering of reusing wash water at the filtration pumping station of Otradnyi town is underway. The suggested process solution will provide for solving the important environmental protection task – to eliminate the discharge of wash water and sludge generated at the filtration pumping station into the Liman Lake and to protect the lake from silting.
Key words
turbidity , suspended substances , pumping-filtration station , horizontal settling tank , wash water , surge tank
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UDC 628.16.065.2
Strelkov A. K., Egorova Yu. A., Bykova P. G., Kichigin V. I., Nesterenko O. I.
Selection of efficient chemicals for low turbid water purification from surface water sources
Summary
The results of laboratory study of selecting chemicals and optimal dosage for the purification of low turbid water of the Saratov water reservoir are presented. The laboratory tests of aluminium polyoxychlorides (14 kinds) and aluminium sulfate (16 kinds) were carried out. Coagulants manufactured by domestic and foreign manufacturers were studied. The optimal dosages of coagulants and flocculants were determined. Two of the coagulants studied were selected that could ensure the maximum degree of water clarification at the minimum concentration of residual aluminium and permanganate value in drinking water. It was stated that water treatment exclusively with coagulants with subsequent sedimentation and filtration ensured meeting the state drinking water standard. The results of the experimental studies of coagulation of low turbid water of the Saratov water reservoir showed that the maximum water clarification was achieved by sedimentation at the optimal coagulant dosage of 9.6 mg/dm3 for Al2O3 and 0.2 mg/dm3 flocculant dosage. At that the pollution loading on filters is reduced and the filter run increases.
Key words
turbidity , chromaticity , coagulant , flocculant , residual aluminium , permanganate oxidizability , low turbid water
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UDC 628.16
Gandurina L. V.
The use of VPK-402 coagulant for the removal of suspended solids of different origin and dispersiveness from water
Summary
The coagulation ability of VPK-402 organic coagulant in reducing water turbidity determined by fine mineral particles of different origin and dispersiveness is considered. Water coagulation was carried out under laboratory conditions following the pattern: mixing-flocculation-sedimentation. The concentration of suspended solids in water was determined from turbidity; dispersivenes – from particle hydraulic size U0. The studies were carried out with modeling water with turbidity less than 115 mg/l containing mainly fine-dispersed suspension of bentonite clays, kaolin, quartz, calcium carbonate and titanium dioxide with less than 0.2 mm/s hydraulic size. It was found that the hydraulic size of clay suspensions was determined by their swelling capacity in water; whereas for quartz, calcium carbonate and titanium dioxide suspension – by the particle size distribution of the original minerals. The optimal dosage of VPK-402 for clay mineral coagulation does not depend on their dispersive characteristics and equals to 0.5 mg/l, i. e. 5–10 times higher than the coagulant dosages for modeling waters with finely dispersed particles of quartz, titanium dioxide or calcium carbonate. The efficiency of water clarification lowers with the increase of the percentage of particles with less than 0.05 mm/s hydraulic size irrespective of their origin. The results of the Kuban River water purification validated the obtained regularities. The efficiency of using VPK-402 organic coagulant for reducing water turbidity depending on the origin and dispersiveness (hydraulic size) of suspended solids represented by bentonite clay, kaolin, quartz, calcium carbonate and titanium dioxide particles is considered. The obtained results can be used in practice for optimization of water coagulation to remove suspended solids.
Key words
turbidity , suspended substances , chromaticity , coagulation , hydraulic size , natural water , organic coagulant , polyelectrolyte
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DOI 10.35776/MNP.2020.07.02
UDC 628.16.065.2
Gandurina L. V., Frog B. N., Mashtakova Ekaterina
The use of organic coagulants for turbid water clarification
Summary
The results of studies of the coagulating ability of domestic organic coagulants of well-known brands for the treatment of turbid waters with color not exceeding the water quality target, depending on the characteristics of the coagulants, water turbidity and process parameters of coagulation and sedimentation are presented. The efficiency of using organic coagulants VPK-402, Kaustamin-15 and Biopag to reduce the turbidity of water caused by fine-grained clay particles with a hydraulic size of less than 0.01 mm/s is considered. It was found that VPK-402 coagulant characterized by the highest molecular weight, possessed the greatest coagulating ability. It was shown that the dose of the coagulant did not exceed 0.4 mg/l with an increase in the turbidity of the source water to 750 mg/l. The maximum reduction in water turbidity by sedimentation with the use of organic coagulants is observed with a flocculation time of 20 minutes, where 83–84% of the resulting flocs have a hydraulic size of more than 0.8 mm/s.
Key words
settling , turbidity , flocculation , hydraulic size , organic coagulants , water clarification
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UDC 628.161.004.6
Meshengisser Yu. M., Ulchenko V. M.
Retechnologization and Reconstruction of Water Treatment Systems
Summary
Basic propositions of the concept of water treatment systems retechnologization and its distinctions from retechnologization of wastewater treatment facilities are stated. Recently in the course of reconstruction of water supply facilities growing attention is paid to ecological aspects of their operation and such reconstruction is practically impossible without retechnologization. The process of retechnologization of water treatment and treatment of sediment of natural high- colored and slightly turbid water is described on the example of the State Unitary Enterprise PO Sevmash in the city of Severodvinsk of the Arkhangelsk Region. In the city of Sharya the EcopolymerGroup has executed the retechnologization of the water supply station with the aim to increase the capacity of operating facilities. The reconstruction of water supply treatment facilities in the city of Kovel (Ukraine) has made it possible to reduce iron content in potable water and improve operation characteristics of the facilities.
Key words
potable water , turbidity , reconstruction , deferrization , chromaticity , retechnologization , drains , aluminium salts , thin layer sedimentation , clarifiers with suspended sediment , rapid filters
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UDC 628.16.065.2
Getmantsev S. V.
System of Selection of Effective Technologies of Natural Water Treatment with the Use of Aluminium-Containing Coagulant
Summary
The accumulated experimental data on the use of aluminium-containing coagulants for natural water treatment found a reflection in numerous publications and monographs. The results of these studies make it possible to judge about the efficiency of application of aluminium sulphate and aluminium polyoxychloride for treatment of surface waters of various compositions as well as evaluate the influence of different water quality indicators on the efficiency of the use of coagulants. Data and results of own studies on the use of AQUA-AURAT™ coagulants which make it possible to reveal certain regularities are systematized and generalized. The algorithm of selection of AQUA-AURAT™ coagulants and technologies of their use depending on the quality indicators of natural water and characteristics of coagulants has been developed. The offered system realized in the form of a program module may serve as a practical instrument for selection of a reagent and determination of technological parameters of natural water treatment at existing or newly-designed treatment facilities.
Key words
turbidity , chromaticity , coagulation , natural water , aluminium-containig coagulant , efficiency of treatment
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UDC 628.16
Gandurina L. V., Kvitka L. A., Shakhgaldian M. K.
Reducing color of natural water with the use of organic coagulants
Summary
The results of studies of the effectiveness of reducing color of low-turbid natural water by filtration with the use of organic coagulants of domestic trademarks: VPK-402, Kaustamin-15 and Biopag are presented. It is shown that the decrease in color of natural waters with organic coagulants occurs mainly due to coagulation processes at low alkalinity close to zero, and chemical interactions of the polyanion of humic acids with the coagulant polycation with alkalinity more than 1.2 mmol-eq/l. It was determined that the optimal doses of organic coagulants increase with a decrease in molecular weight in the series VPK-402 < Kaustamine-15 < Biopag and an increase in alkalinity of the treated water; whereas with an increase in hardness – decrease. In the alkalinity range of 1.2–2 mmol-eq/l the specific consumption of coagulants VPK-402 and Kaustamin-15 increases from 0.04–0.06 to 0.12 mg per degree of initial color while low-molecular Biopag coagulant practically does not change and is 0.09 mg/degree. The dispersion of the formed particles of the suspension increases with a decrease in the hardness of the treated water, an increase in alkalinity and the concentration of low molecular weight fractions of humic acids in water being purified which is accompanied by an increase in color of the purified filtered water. It is shown that the standard decrease in water color below 20 degrees is achieved by removing coagulated particles with a size of more than 0.3 microns in the process of filtration.
Key words
turbidity , chromaticity , coagulation , natural water , filtration , hardness , alkalinity , organic coagulants
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UDC 628.16.065.2
Getmantsev S. V., Gandurina L. V., Sychev A. V.
Comparison of aluminium-containing coagulant efficiency in turbid river water purification
Summary
The results of comparing the efficiency of inorganic aluminium-containing coagulants with different chemical composition and basic substance concentration when used for turbid river water purification: aluminium sulphate, AQUA-AURAT™ aluminium polyoxychlorides as well as composite aluminium-based coagulants are presented. It was shown that composite coagulants and coagulating-flocculating compounds are most efficient for turbid water treatment.
Key words
turbidity , coagulant , flocculant , water treatment
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UDC 628.113
Abul'fatov Asif Gara ogly
The technology of nonchemical purification of surface highly turbid water
Summary
При решении задач по повышению эффективности работы объектов водопроводно-канализационного хозяйства с целью улучшения качества обработанной воды большое значение приобретает снижение капитальных и эксплуатационных затрат. Для очистки поверхностных высокомутных вод предложен новый одноступенчатый безреагентный способ – капиллярное микросифонирование воды, а также конструкция установки для осуществления данного процесса. Принцип технологического процесса осветления воды основан на капиллярных явлениях – физических свойствах воды, обусловленных поверхностным натяжением на границе раздела несмешивающихся сред, жидкости и смачивающейся поверхности фильтрующего материала. Применение капиллярного микросифонирования исключает необходимость в реагентном хозяйстве, а также предварительной подготовки воды и обработки жидких отходов, образующихся в процессах очистки воды. Реализация одноступенчатой безреагентной энергосберегающей технологии в плавающих водоочистных установках типа УКМ, апробированных в процессе осветления высокомутных вод р. Куры, показала ее высокую эффективность при незначительных эксплуатационных затратах.
Key words
turbidity , surface water , chemical-free treatment , capillary water microsyphoning , filtering module
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UDC 628.16.081:628.191:576.8
DUDKIN E. V., Samsonova S. P.
Microfiltration removal of phyto- and zooplankton
Summary
The results of pilot testing DynaDisc microfiltration system manufactured by Nordik Water Produkts AB for capturing phyto- and zooplankton are presented. The tests were carried out at the treatment facilities of Volzhsky and Izhevsk water and wastewater companies by the experts from Ionoobmennye tekhnologee CJSC. The data on the efficiency of using microfiltration during water reservoir blossoming that results in reduced rapid filter loading and water quality improvement are presented.
Key words
turbidity , chromaticity , coagulant , flocculant , microfiltration , phytoplankton , filtration cycle , zooplankton
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UDC 628.16.052.2
Potapov V. V., Brovkin A. E.
Improving natural water purification with the use of new generation chemicals
Summary
The main aspects of natural water purification with coagulation are considered. The data on the composition of the surface public water supply sources in the area of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky are presented. The average molecular weight of humus substances present in natural waters is determined. The results of experimental studies of using new generation coagulants and flocculants in natural water purification at the water treatment facilities of MUE «Petropavlovsk Vodokanal» are presented. The action of coagulants: aluminium sulfate, aluminium hydroxychloride and aluminium oxychloride was studied. It was stated that the maximum efficiency of color removal from natural water in the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky environment is provided by the use of aluminium sulfate and aluminium hydroxychloride; whereas the use of aluminium oxychloride was less efficient. The efficiency of turbidity removal when using all the three coagulants was high – 70–100%. Praestol 650 TR and Praestol 2515 TR flocculants at mutual dose testing improve the efficiency of color removal: Praestol 2515 TR – from 49–66 to 63–100%. The use of flocculants provided for improving the floc formation rate, floc size, floc sedimentation rate and sludge volume. To introduce the new advanced coagulant at the water treatment plant the coagulation process testing with the use of aluminium sulfate in combination with the flocculant is required. To eliminate possible formation of problem chlororganics before the coagulant takes effect and humus settles special attention shall be paid to the sodium hypochlorite injection point when coagulating high-colored water.
Key words
turbidity , chromaticity , coagulation , flocculation , natural water , flocculation , water purification efficiency
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