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UDC 628.162:620.3
Kofman V. Ya.
Nanoparticles of metallic iron for ground water treatment (review of foreign publications)
Summary
The international experience in using the technology of ground water treatment with the help of nanoparticles of metallic iron is presented. The technology of injecting nanoparticles provides for their transfer through intake wells practically to any point at any depth of the ground water basin. Limitations are imposed exclusively by economic factors. The well number and placing are determined by geologic and geochemical characteristics of the polluted area subject to investigation. Prior to the implementation of a project studies shall be carried out to specify the required composition and concentration of iron particle suspension, injection equipment, well placing and depth, working pressure and consumption of the suspended matter, duration of treatment.
Key words
ground water , pollutants , injection , well , nanoparticles of metallic iron
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UDC 628.161.2:546.72/.711
TESLA V. G., ALEKSEEV V. S., Koulakov V. V.
On the criteria of choosing the best available water treatment technology as applied to the Amur water intake (Komsomolsk-on-Amur city)
Summary
While choosing the technology of underground water conditioning it is advisable to be geared to the recommendations in SP 31.13330.2012 «Water supply. Public utilities», «Classifier of natural water treatment technologies» (NII VODGEO, 2000) as well as to minimizing the environmental impact. It is shown that intraformational treatment of underground waters meets to the maximal extent the requirements to the best available technologies and domestic standards developed on the basis of ISO 14000 International Standard. By the example of the Amur water intake of Komsomolsk-on-Amur city the complete conformity of the designed technology of intraformational iron and manganese compounds removal to the above-mentioned criteria with account of the specific water composition is noted. In discussing the specific features of underground water chemical treatment the attention is drawn to the inadmissibility of large-scale use of precursor – potassium permanganate for water conditioning. It is suggested to evaluate additionally the water treatment technology with account of the economical efficiency.
Key words
reagent treatment , ground water , water treatment , demanganization , intraformational treatment , deferrization
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UDC 628.161/162
ALEKSEEV V. S., TESLA V. G., Boldyrev Kirill
About Necessity of Revision of Standard Silicon Content in Potable Water
Summary
Substantiation for increasing the value of allowable concentration of silicon dissolved in potable water is made; it will bring the domestic normative documents into accord with international standards, ensure more rational use of resources. In Russia the maximum allowable concentration of silicon is established in SanPiN for anthropogenic silicon and silicon used for water treatment that’s why the limitation on the use of natural water containing natural silicon is unlegitimate. The literary review of water desiliconization technologies is done. Data on reduction in content of dissolved silicon in the course of deferrization and demanganization of underground water with generation of coagels, reciprocal precipitation and sorption on ferriferous deposits generated are presented. In the course of intraformational deposition, reduction in silicon content up to 35–50% is reached.
Key words
potable water , ground water , aquifer , silicon , intraformational deposition
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UDC 628.16.081
Seliukov Aleksandr, Baikova Ida
Deironing-demanganation of ground waters at the Severny intake facilities of Khanty-Mansiysk
Summary
The results of investigating the process of deironing-demanganation of ground waters at the Severny intake facilities of Khanty-Mansiysk are presented. Ground water subject to treatment is characterized by low hardness, low alkalinity, low salt concentration and temperature values typical for the waters in the north of Tyumen. The water treatment technology applied at the intake facilities does not ensure meeting the water quality standards for iron and manganese. An alternative method of oxidation with potassium permanganate is suggested. As a result of the pilot tests at the Severny intake facilities the optimal dose of potassium permanganate that provided for decreasing iron and manganese concentration to the standard level was determined. It was shown that preliminary alkalization of the treated water to pH 7.5 and 8.5 allows 3–10 decrease of the dose.
Key words
deferrization , ground water , potassium permanganate , demanganization , process tests
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UDC 628.161
Vasil'ev A. N.
The experience of using «dry» filtration technology in underground water conditioning
Summary
Iron, being one of the most abundant elements of the Earth crust, is present almost everywhere in the water of shallow aquifers in the form of soluble compounds, or sometimes in the form of compound organic matter. High concentrations of iron in water cause corrosion and blockages in pipes either directly by forming deposits or indirectly providing the conditions for specific bacterial growth. For this and some other reasons iron is removed from the water from the sources with elevated iron concentrations before supply to the consumers. The examples of the «dry» filtration technology used by the engineering and construction companies of Tver in the process of underground water conditioning are presented. The theoretical basis of the technology was formulated by G. Iu. Asse, expert of NII VODGEO. As a result of the longstanding cooperation with the designers from Tver the process flow scheme of underground water de-ironing was developed together with the process equipment – a set of aero-filters of various capacities. This provided for designing a number of de-ironing installations which surpass by a number of parameters the well-known de-ironing technical solutions implemented in typical and individual projects. Technical solutions developed and implemented in practice provide for placing aero-filters in one building with a booster pumping station, filter media regeneration pumps, a compressor station, UV-disinfection system, and auxiliary rooms.
Key words
deferrization , ground water , aquifer , «dry» filtration , aero-filter , gravel media , dirt holding capacity of the media
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UDC 628.161.2:546.72/.711
TESLA V. G., Steblevsky V. I., Domnin K. V., Kherlitsius J., Koulakov V. V.
Experimental-industrial operation of a pilot plant for intraformational ground water purification at the Tungus intake facilities
Summary
The results of experimental-industrial tests of a pilot plant for intraformational water deironing and demanganization at the Tungus ground water intake in Khabarovsk are presented. The ground waters of the Tungus deposit are characterized by high content of iron, manganese, and dissolved carbon dioxide at low pH values. The pilot plant included three operating and 14 observation wells. The positive impact of artificial recharge of the aquifer in the operation area of the intraformational water purification at high pH and dissolved oxygen levels is shown. Based on the results of the water qualitative composition analyses of the observation wells located at various distances from the operating wells a schematic view of the sedimentation area around the operating wells is given. Based on the pilot plant operation results a working draft of the intake with the intraformational purification capacity of 106,000 m3/day was designed. At present the first section of the water intake with a capacity of 25,000 m3/day has been completed.
Key words
deferrization , ground water , demanganization , intraformational treatment , hydrodynamic simulation
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UDC 628.1.036:543.3
Serikov L. V., Shiyan L. N., Tropina E. A., Khryapov P. A.
Peculiarities of Measuring of Chromaticity of the West Siberian Region’s Ground Water
Summary
Results of the experimental study aimed at determining the chromaticity of the West Siberian Region’s ground water sampled from a depth of 80–200 m with the use of the chromaticity measuring methods recommended by GOST R 52769-2007 are presented. Difficulties of the determination of chromaticity are associated with the features of the chemical composition of ground water and are due to the generation of stable colloidal particles consisting of Fe(OH)3 and dissolved organic substances of humus origin. It is established that the chromaticity of ground water generally depends on the presence of colloidal compounds of iron and is characterized as seemingchromaticity of water.
Key words:
potable water , ground water , chromaticity , water treatment , odor , taste , colloidal particles , humus
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UDC 628.112.2
ALEKSEEV V. S.
Specific features of underground water use for water supply in Russia
Summary
The aspects of using underground water for water supply in Russia are considered. Changes in the system of underground water abstraction, the lack of uniform technical policy in the field of underground water protection from depletion, drilling of water wells without adequate control from hydrogeological and administrative services caused deterioration of drinking water quality and in general can culminate in underground water resources depletion. The consequences of these activities have already partially manifested. The problems of technical completion of water wells are touched upon, the causes of well abandonment are specified. The aspects of energy saving in water well operation are considered.
Key words
water supply , ground water , power saving , water abstraction facilities , specific well yield
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UDC 628.161.3:546.711
Alekseeva L. P., Kourova L. V., Alekseev S. E.
Specific features of using chemical treatment in removing manganese compounds from underground water
Summary
Many underground water sources in Russia used for drinking water supply are characterized by increased concentrations of iron and manganese. There are different chemical and nonchemical methods of underground water treatment. In some cases nonchemical methods of treatment cannot provide for the required drinking water quality. However, the use of chemicals for removing iron and manganese compounds makes the process more complicated and increases the cost of water treatment; therefore their use shall be substantiated and approved by technological studies. The aspects of removing manganese compounds from underground water with the use of chemicals in cases when it was stated that nonchemical methods were not efficient are considered. The results of studies on determining the efficiency of using oxidants, alkalizing and coagulating chemicals are presented. When using oxidants in removing manganese from water the range of optimal chemical dosages is relatively small. The efficiency of manganese removal with the help of oxidants increases with the increase of water pH. For more integrated removal of oxidized manganese compounds and other pollutants from water flocculants can be used in the process of water clarification.
Key words
chlorination , ozonization , deferrization , ground water , iron , manganese , coagulation , reagent
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UDC 628.161.3
Alekseev S. E., Alekseeva L. P., Kourova L. V.
Evaluation of the efficiency of different chemicals in removing iron and organics from underground water
Summary
The composition and quality of underground waters in different regions of Russia substantially differ. Most underground waters contain elevated iron concentrations. Iron from underground water that contains oxygen and high concentrations of organic substances (humic and fulvic acids) that cause the water color is most difficult to remove. Besides, in oil producing regions underground waters occur that contain pollutants of anthropogenic origin: oil products, phenols, amines etc. In the process of such water purification integrated methods shall be used to provide for eliminating organic and non-organic pollution. The results of the studies of removing iron complex organic compounds from underground water in the Nefteyugansk region by different chemical methods: oxidation, alkalization and coagulation are considered. The impact of the conditions of using chemicals on the underground water purification efficiency was determined. It was shown that in removing complex iron compounds from water strong oxidizing agents and alkalizing chemicals could be used. To eliminate humic substances and organic compounds of anthropogenic origin coagulating chemicals must be used.
Key words
ozonization , deferrization , ground water , chromaticity , iron , coagulation , permanganate oxidizability , organic substances
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UDC 628.161.2:678.046.36
Савочкин А. Ю., Shilov Mikhail
Purification of underground water containing high concentrations of silicon, iron and manganese
Summary
The aspects of purification of underground water containing high concentrations of silicon, iron and manganese are considered. Different forms of silicon present in water are analyzed and the basic physics and chemistry of desilication are presented. The implementation of the technology of comprehensive purification of water containing high concentrations of silicon, iron and manganese is described. Through the example of three operating water treatment plants the negative effect of silicon on de-ironing and demanganation processes is shown. Two factors are accentuated that enhance the negative effect: the presence of organic admixtures in raw water and, possibly, higher degree of polymerization. Taking into account the application character of studies this presumption demands further study. The developed technology provides for water purification to drinking standard by every parameter. For the implementation of the technology dosing a great many of five types of chemicals (NaOH, Mg salts, NaClO, coagulant, flocculant) is required as well as large volume of sludge is subject to utilization. For this reason this technology is recommended for use only when an alternative water source is unavailable.
Key words
ground water , coagulation , iron , manganese , silicon , colloids , chemical precipitation , magnesium silicate
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UDC 504.43
DOI 10.35776/VST.2023.12.04
Lapin Pavel, Eliseev Dmitrii, Kopulov Sergei, Pashkova Valentina, Dan’shina Natal’ia
Groundwater of the Oryol region: hydrodynamic state and chemical composition
Summary
The specific features of two aquifer carbonate systems – the Voronezh-Livenskoe and Zadonsk-Optukhovsky, as well as their role in supplying groundwater to the Oryol region – are considered. Based on the methodological recommendations, groundwater monitoring is carried out under various conditions in the wells of the local observation network and in the wells of the state reference network. A brief description of the methodology for studying the quality of groundwater is given in order to monitor its condition to make the required solutions, if necessary. The dynamics of the development of three depression pits in the region and areas of groundwater pollution are analyzed, in the zone of influence of which drinking water intakes are located.
Key words
ground water , aquifer system , depression pit , polluted area
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UDC 628.811
BOROVICKAJA Je. Ju.
Natural specifics of underground water deposits of the intermorainic complex of the Kurortnyi district of Saint-Petersburg
Summary
The problems of estimating the resources of underground water under complicated hydrogeological conditions of the intermorainic water-bearing complex in the Kurortnyi district of Saint-Petersburg are brought up. The complexity of the deposit conditions lie in the irregularity of the lithological composition and capacity of the water-bearing material in relation to the depth and strike as well as in the determination of factors of formation and replenishment of the underground water deposits in the process of their exploitation. Such deposits, as a rule, are associated with the areas of ancient buried valleys and contain significant stocks of fresh underground water available for drinking purposes. In the Kurortnyi district «Molodezhnoe», «Zelenogorskoe», «Solnechnoe» deposits are located within the boundaries of the cognominal communities. The underground water resources amount to about 15–30 thousand m3/day, deep well flow rate – 2–5 thousand m3/day. Under the conditions of the complicated natural specifics of the deposits estimating the underground water resources by traditional methods of hydrodynamic calculations gives highly distorted results. The best-attested results are obtained during the development of a computational geofiltration model. The option of calculating underground water resources by the mathematical model method is considered. The principle stages of designing a computational geofiltration model through the example of «Molodezhnoe» deposit are given.
Key words
ground water , aquifer system , hydrogeologic conditions , water resources evaluation , geofiltration model , Gulf of Finland
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UDC 628.192:556.388
ALEKSEEV V. S.
Estimating the extent and compensation of damage in case of underground water pollution
Summary
The description of underground water quality reclamation concept is presented that involves pumping out and treatment of polluted water either on the surface or directly in place. The issues of the damage compensation to the water users in case of a negative impact on water intakes and water bodies are considered. The estimation of the underground water quality reclamation on the basis of the pilot studies results is given. The procedure can be used in domestic practice for the estimation of the pollution damage and compensatory payments.
Key words
water intake , ground water , wastewater discharge , environmental damage , sanitation-and-epidemiological safety
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UDC 628.168
Bobinkin V. V., Ershov A. G., Kasatochkin A. S., Larionov S. Iu., Panteleev Aleksei, Riabchikov Boris, Semin M. M., Shilov Mikhail
Commercial plant for removing chloroorganic compounds from underground water
Summary
The existing technology of removing chloroorganic compounds from underground water allowed designing a relatively simple and reliable flow scheme. Within the shortest possible time a commercial plant with a capacity of up to 250 m3/h (4000 m3/day) of water cleaned off volatile chloroorganic compounds at the «Zalineinyi» water intake in Podolsk city, Moscow Area, was designed. This allowed commissioning temporally abandoned water wells and improving the municipal water supply. At the first stage of reconstruction the process flow scheme of water treatment was upgraded with a system of enhanced aeration-air stripping of volatile chloroorganic compounds, a first lift pumping station, a mechanical filters block charged with granulated activated carbon. After purification the concentration of volatile chloroorganic compounds in water was lower then the regulatory requirements. The second reconstruction stage envisages commissioning a reverse osmosis plant to eliminate water hardness to the optimal level.
Key words
potable water , ground water , water treatment , activated carbon , volatile chlororganic compounds , aeration-air stripping
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DOI 10.35776/MNP.2020.01.01
UDC 628.16:62-278
Pervov A. G., Golovesov V. A., Spitsov D. V., Rudakova G. Ya.
Ways of reducing the operating costs of membrane units
for the preparation of drinking water from underground water sources
Summary
Experimental investigations have been conducted to determine the main process parameters of membrane units (filtrate yield, the rate of scaling on membrane surface). Basing on the results of the experimental studies the total costs of purification of underground water of various chemical composition were obtained. The studies were conducted on laboratory benches with the use of nanofiltration membranes with various selectivity rates. The consumption of service chemicals and operational costs for the equipment were calculated by the software designed earlier by the authors for determining the process parameters of membrane units. While designing membrane units, nanofiltration membranes with low values of selectivity, power consumption and expenditures for chemicals are preferred. The dependencies of the calcium carbonate scaling rates on membrane types and the multiplicity of volumetric concentration of source water were obtained. A comparison of costs shows that the use of membranes even for cases of water deferrization is more economical than the known traditional technologies.
Key words
calcium carbonate , ground water , concentrate , reverse osmosis , nanofiltration , water softening , scaling on membranes , deposits of slow-soluble salts in water , scaling inhibitors , scaling rate
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UDC 628.171:556:661.843
Boldyrev Kirill, Savel'eva E. A., Kapyrin I. V., Rastorguev A. V.
Calculations of the metal sorption parameters by the example of strontium at high sodium nitrate concentrations
Summary
For the proper evaluation of underground water protection a comprehensive analysis of pollutant migration from the pollution source is required. The problem of solution salinity effect on the substance distribution between water and water-bearing material has been insufficiently covered in literature because of the low parametric support of the widely used geochemical models and also because of the imperfection of the applied thermodynamic data bases. In the process of geochemical modeling tabular values of interfacial distribution coefficient are often used. Another approach often used in practice is transferring laboratory measured Kd values to geochemical model. The use of tabular and experimental data on interfacial distribution coefficient without proper correction can result in falsified predictions since the available Kd tabular values for metals in the process of predicting sorption parameters, as a rule, provide for a recommended value only for a definite type of water-bearing material (sand, loam, clay) and (rarely) for one or two water types which is evidently insufficient for the correct choice of Kd coefficient. High solution mineralization reduces sorption of all the components because of the competition for the sorption sections and because of metal ion complexation with the solution components. In the article the difficulties in designing the geochemical model of 90S strontium sorption at high concentrations of dissolved sodium nitrate are considered. Strontium sorption by solid phases was considered in relation to ion exchange and surface complexation. The designed model was verified versus literature data. An algorithm of geochemical modeling of dissolved substances distribution between water and hard rock is recommended.
Key words
ground water , sorption , ion exchange , water-bearing material , geochemical modeling , interfacial distribution coefficient
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UDC 628.11.004.69
TESLA V. G.
Reconstruction of Water Wells in Countryside
Summary
Measures concerning the reconstruction of standing idle and operating wells of agricultural water supply are considered. These measures include the restoration of wells capacity using the reagent methods, redistribution of a water inflow to a filter for spare intervals with the help of special devices, liquidation of sanding up installing the additional polyvinyl chloride edge filter. Recommendations are oriented, in the first place, to wells capturing friable, water containing deposits.
Key words:
reconstruction , filter , ground water , water well , restoration of capacity , sanding up , yield
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DOI 10.35776/MNP.2020.02.01
UDC 628.16.081:542.943-92
Seliukov Aleksandr, Rakhimov V. V.
Reconstruction of the ground water treatment plant
in Noyabrsk (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug)
Summary
The main results of technological surveys that form the basis for the project of reconstruction of the ground water treatment plant in Noyabrsk (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) are presented. The plant was built according to the project of DAR/VODGEO CJSC (Moscow) and commissioned in September 2006. The plant uses a new technology that provides for the sequential treatment of water with two oxidizing agents – hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate to remove iron and manganese compounds. The project shortcomings and incomplete implementation of design solutions complicate the regular operation of the plant and make it difficult to ensure the standard quality of drinking water. It was stated that ground water contained hydrogen sulfide in concentrations up to 0.1 mg/dm3, which required extra consumption of chemicals. Manual dosing of chemicals causes significant deviations from the required doses: from –14.5 to +19.1% for hydrogen peroxide and from –8.5 to +9.1% for potassium permanganate. It is pointed out that crude products of potassium permanganate produced by the P. R. China used as a chemical agent in drinking water supply, pose a threat of increased toxicity of drinking water. The determined value of the Langelier index (index of saturation with calcium carbonate) of ground water (–2.35 units) allowed to conclude that stabilization treatment by alkalization is required. The performed test water treatment with hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate in combination with alkalization showed that this process provided for achieving the residual concentrations of manganese < 0.1 mg/dm3 and total iron 0.1–0.15 mg/dm3 in the absence of residual hydrogen sulfide. However, to produce water of constant standard quality, high accuracy of chemical dosing is required that can only be provided by completely automated dosing. The project of upgrading the ground water treatment plant in Noyabrsk designed on the basis of technological research, allows to resolve the existing problems and ensure the standard quality of drinking water.
Ключевые слова
deferrization , ground water , hydrogen peroxide , potassium permanganate , demanganization , stabilization treatment , caustic soda , hydrogen sulfide removal
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UDC 628.112:628.16.069
Zhoulin A. G., Belova L. V.
Carbon dioxide reduction in the ground waters in a baffled degasifier
Summary
The results of investigating carbon dioxide reduction in the ground waters of Tyumen Region in a bubble degasifier with horizontal baffles are shown. The efficiency of carbon dioxide removal is 70–75%. To intensify dissolved gas stripping a bubble degasifier design equipped with horizontal guide rails has been offered where the increase of the air utilization factor is ensured by modifications in the structure and route of air bubbles movement in water. Calculated relationships for determining the required number of baffles in the degasifier and residual concentration of carbon dioxide at 20 m/h countercurrent flow are identified. A nomograph for determining residual concentration of carbon dioxide together with procedure of designing the baffled degasifier are given.
Key words
deferrization , ground water , carbon dioxide , bubble type degasifier , baffled degasifier , desorbtion , specific air consumption
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