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UDC 628.161.1:504.064.3
Mazaev V. T., Shlepnina T. G., Khromchenko Ya. L., Didenko E. A., Maksimov A. I.
On routine revision of SanPiN (Sanitary Regulations and Norms) 2.1.4.1074-01 «Drinking water. Hygienic requirements to the water quality in public drinking water supply systems. Quality control»
Summary
The information on the routine revision of SanPiN (Sanitary Regulations and Norms) 2.1.4.1074-01 «Drinking water. Hygienic requirements to the water quality in public drinking water supply systems. Quality control» is presented. The role of the regulatory document in the health legislation is set out. The basic issues of the live document subject to revision are considered, alternative provisions are discussed, and their enactment or rejection is substantiated.
Key words
potable water , sanitary-hygienic standard , Federal Sanitary Surveillance Service , water production quality control
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UDC 628.1:614.777
Lapshin A. P., Ignat'eva L. P.
Qualitative composition of drinking water at the purification and transportation stages
Summary
Poor sanitary and technical state of water distribution networks is the main reason of water quality deterioration in public water supply systems. During transportation drinking water often takes the properties that exclude the possibility of using it. At that not only corrosion processes inside the pipelines but also microorganism life activities produce negative impact. Slowdown of water flow results in the dissolved oxygen deficiency and startup of reduction processes by iron and manganese-reducing bacteria in consequences of which
metal ions deposited on the pipe walls are released into the drinking water and cause water quality deterioration. Disrepair state of the distribution pipelines and formation of biological film on the inner surface of the pipes not only produce impact on the organoleptic water properties, iron and manganese concentrations but also enhance heavy metal releasing into the drinking water during transportation. The evaluation of the technical state of the distribution network and results of the laboratory studies of the drinking water in the process of transportation revealed the low level of sanitary reliability of the public water supply in Tumen. The results of hygienic evaluation of the water distribution network showed that the municipal water distribution system is not sufficiently reliable from sanitary point of view and cannot ensure good quality of drinking water during transportation. The main cause of this problem is the influence of the dynamic factors and, as a result, pipe biofouling.
Key words
potable water , water supply , monitoring , water supply network , sanitary and technical state of the network
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UDC 628.1.033:543.3
Sokolov D. M., Kashintsev I. V., Sokolov M. S., Kantor L. I., Melnitsky I. A., Trukhanova N. V.
Potable Water Quality and Innovation Methods of Control (a problem and analytic review)
SUMMARY
Chemical and microbiological criteria of potable water quality are considered. Innovation methods of the water quality control – highly sensitive, selective, reproduced and express, having high accuracy and reliability for evaluation of its harmlessness and safety are presented. The regular production control of potable water quality is exercised at accredited laboratories and analytic centers of regional and municipal organizations. The experience of the Center of water quality analytic control of the Municipal unitary enterprise Ufavodokanal in the use of innovation methods of quality rating of potable water and wastewater including metrological approved methods and up-to-date measuring instruments of control (analytic devices, express-tests and indicators, petrifilms, chromogenic and fluorogenic nutrient media) is discussed. Equipment of domestic accredited laboratories with up-to-date means of comprehensive control over the potable water quality increases efficiency and reliability of its analysis’s results.
Key words
potable water , potable water quality , methods of water quality control
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УДК 628.316.6:628.166
DOI 10.35776/VST.2024.04.01
Pokhil Yu. N., Novoshintsev V. N., Kostyuchenko S. V., Volkov Sergei, Tkachev Andrei
Комплексное решение проблем обеззараживания природных и сточных вод в современных условиях в масштабах г. Новосибирска
Аннотация
Рассматриваются основные аспекты практического применения технологических решений в сфере обеззараживания природных и сточных вод, позволяющих обеспечить современные нормативные и законодательные санитарно-эпидемиологические требования, на примере МУП г. Новосибирска «ГОРВОДОКАНАЛ». В системе водопровода и канализации г. Новосибирска создан один из крупнейших в России комплексов обеззараживания природных и сточных вод с применением УФ-излучения общей производительностью 1 650 000 м3/сут. В системе водоснабжения города внедрена современная мультибарьерная технология, предусматривающая комбинированное применение УФ-излучения и хлорирования, позволяющая создать надежный барьер в отношении всех типов вирусов, в том числе вируса COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), и цист патогенных простейших. В результате применения УФ-обеззараживания питьевой и сточной воды обеспечивается соблюдение новых санитарных правил и норм СанПиН 1.2.3685-21 «Гигиенические нормативы и требования к обеспечению безопасности и (или) безвредности для человека факторов среды обитания». Обеззараживание сточных вод на городских очистных сооружениях канализации г. Новосибирска УФ-излучением полностью удовлетворяет требованиям по применению наилучших доступных технологий, сформулированных в Информационно-техническом справочнике ИТС 10-2019 «Очистка сточных вод с использованием централизованных систем водоотведения поселений, городских округов». На УФ-станциях применено УФ-оборудование отечественного производства на основе современных мощных амальгамных ламп низкого давления. Комплексное и своевременное применение современной технологии обеззараживания УФ-излучением как при водоподготовке, так при очистке сточных вод на объектах МУП г. Новосибирска «ГОРВОДОКАНАЛ» обеспечило выполнение самых строгих современных требований санитарного и экологического законодательства РФ.
Ключевые слова
potable water , disinfection , ultraviolet , wastewater , best available techniques , multi-barrier technologies
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UDC 628.16/.3:615.31
Kofman V. Ya.
Pharmaceuticals in natural, drinking and wastewater
(review)
Summary
The presence of pharmaceuticals in the natural water environment is becoming a subject of focused attention. For the moment more than 180 pharmaceuticals (pain relievers and anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, beta-blockers, contrast agents, Lipid-lowering agents, psychiatric medicines, hormones and antiseptics) and their metabolites that keep bioactivity have been registered in the water environment in many countries. Most often detected among them are diclofenac, carbamazepin, clofibric acid, ibuprofen, bizafibrate, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, phenazone, ketoprofen, roxithromycin, triclozan, iopromide. The sources of pharmaceuticals ending up in municipal wastewater are residential sector, medical institutions, pharmaceutical factories, animal clinics and live stock breeding complexes. The concentration of separate pharmaceuticals can reach 40 µg/l. At the traditional wastewater treatment facilities pharmaceuticals can be removed in the process of biodegradation/biotransformation and activated sludge adsorption. However, the efficiency of removing many of them is typically low. The concentration of certain pharmaceuticals in surface waters can reach in average 10 µg/l, in underground waters – 1 µg/l. This results in bioaccumulation of most common medicines in the tissue of fish and other aquatic organisms. In the process of drinking water purification pharmaceuticals are removed in the processes of coagulation, filtration, activated carbon adsorption, chlorination and ozonation. Quite a number of medicines cannot be completely eliminated. As a result in many countries they are detected in drinking water in concentrations from several nanograms to 1 µg/l. For the moment there is a lack of reliable data on the toxicological effect of pharmaceuticals present in water environment; however this issue is extensively investigated.
Key words
potable water , wastewater , natural water , pharmaceuticals , toxicological effect , biodegradation , activated sludge adsorption
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UDC 628.1.2:62-278
Frenkel V. S.
Membrane Technologies: Past, Present and Future (the North America as an Example)
SUMMARY
Basic tendencies in the field of development of membrane processes for water and wastewater treatment in the North America are covered. Main characteristics, basic trends and features of the use of membranes including membrane bioreactors are presented. Characteristics necessary for assessment and selection of the best membrane technologies for each certain project are compared. Membrane treatment has become the fastest growing sector in water treatment, wastewater treatment and water desalination. Four types of membranes are used according to membrane pore size: microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO). All four principal types of membrane guarantee the removal of the entire spectrum of water pollutants and can be used as a stand-alone technology for a majority of applications. Integrated membrane processes combining different membrane types are becoming a cutting edge approach to meet strict water/wastewater quality regulations because they allow the smallest possible system size, minimize chemical consumption, and provide the most cost-effective solution for the greatest number of applications.
Key words
potable water , wastewater treatment , reverse osmosis , ultrafiltration , desalination , membranes , microfiltration , nanofiltration , membrane bioreactor
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UDC 628.161.3
Astrakhantsev D. V., Kirsanov A. A., Egorova Yu. A., Bykova P. G., Erchev V. N., Strelkov D. A., Zanina Zh. V.
Modernization of Chemical Workshop of the Pumping-Filter Station of Samara Using the Powdered Carbon Sorbent
Summary
Modernization of the chemical workshop carried out at one of unit of the pumping-filter station of Samara with 360 thousand m3/day output has made it possible to improve the reliability of water treatment. The flow chart includes the primary chlorination, dosing of powdery activated carbon into influent water, coagulant addition before the mixer, flocculant addition at the passage of water from the mixer, clarification in horizontal settling tanks, filtration in rapid filters, secondary chlorination. The use of powdered activated carbon in the water treatment scheme ensures the quality of potable water corresponding to specified requirements.
Key words
potable water , coagulant , flocculant , pumping-filtration station , mixer , powdery activated carbon , chemical workshop
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UDC 628.1.03
Ponomarev A. P., Podkolzin I. V.
Morphology and mineral composition of nanostructures
in drinking water
Summary
As a result of the studies the method of excreting nanostructures from drinking water samples on the basis of micro- and ultrafiltration with the use of microfilters (450 nm pore size) and semipermeable membrane (15 nm pore size) was developed. It was found that in the process of ultrafiltration the mineral composition of water before and after passing through the membrane did not change. At the complete water passing into ultrafiltrate the membrane traps organomineral nanostructures with a diameter of 10–200 nm containing macro- and microelements. The integrated method of micro- and ultrafiltration provides for the efficient removal of nanostructure or nanobacteria from drinking water while preserving its mineral composition; this allows recommending this method for obtaining purified water for humans and animals. The analysis of the nanostructure mineral composition showed that calcium and sodium were prevailing macroelements; their total respective percentage content was 60–70%. This data proves the prior information given by the authors that calcium has been the main building blocks of the nanobacteria coat identified in human and animal blood. Taking into account the morphological specific features of the nanostructures excreted from drinking water, their form and dimensions, it should be noted that they are identical to the transformed cells of nanobacteria of human and animal blood. Comparison of the results of the analyses of three independent methods – electron microscopy, mass-spectrometry and chromatography allows being reinforced in view that nanobacteria originate from water that brings them into living organisms. Herewith, research workers that deny the existence of nanobacteria as living organisms recognize the fact that the given nanostructures can produce a significant impact on the human health.
Ключевые слова
potable water , ultrafiltration , nanostructures , electron microscopy , mass-spectrometry , liquid chromatography
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UDC 628.1.033:543.9
Tymchuk S. N., Larin V. E., Sokolov D. M.
Most significant sanitary microbiological parameters of drinking water quality assessment
Summary
Sanitary control of water is a complex and multilevel process. It is associated with every stage of water use, starting from the water supply source selection, monitoring, and water treatment to disinfection and wastewater disposal to collection facilities. Sanitary and microbiological water assessment implies determining sanitary profile, i. e. criteria that reflect compliance or noncompliance of the object under investigation with the regulatory documents requirements. The determined parameters and the frequency of their measurement depend on the assignment of the project under investigation and are strictly regulated by the respective regulatory framework. Sanitary parameters are divided into index parameters
that reflect the level of fecal pollution and indicator parameters that reflect the quality of water treatment. Index parameters include: Escherichia сoli, thermotolerant coliforms and coliphages. Indicator parameters are: total microbial count, total coliforms, sulfite-reducing clostridia spores etc. Determination of some pathogenic and opportunistic pathogenic bacteria like salmonella, pathogenic staphylococcus, blue pus bacillus etc. is an important aspect of water bodies monitoring. EC countries moved from determining groups of sanitary indicator microorganisms (thermotolerant coliforms, fecal staphylococcus, sulfite-reducing clostridia spores) to determining directly sanitary indicator microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens), which makes water quality assessment more standardized and reliable. Advanced methods and approaches to the assessment of the sanitary state of the water bodies are continuously emerging and introduced in the international practice of sanitary surveys.
Key words
potable water , water quality , total coliform bacteria , sanitary index , index parameter , indicator parameter , Escherichia coli , thermotolerant coliforms , coliphages , total microbial count , salmonella , P. aeruginosa , S. aureus , sanitary microbiological assessment , sanitary indicator microorganism , chromogenic substratum
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UDC 628.1.033
Artemenok N. D., Nikitin A. M.
Certain Issues of Safety of Potable Water Supply
SUMMARY
Issues of the safety of potable water supply for population using the surface and ground water are considered. Draft Federal Laws On Potable Water and Potable Water Supply and On Safety of Water Supply give preference to ground water and if a surface source is used it is recommended to organize an additional, reserve water intake of ground water in case of emergency situations. In perspective, a part of ground water used for water supply will reach 50% all over the country. But in many cities having the reserve water sources the problems concerning the influence of changeable water quality on human health are not solved.
Key words
potable water , surface water source , water intake , ground water , pumping-filtration station , redundancy of water sources
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УДК [628.1.033+628.3]:658.562
Gnipov A. V., Mazaev V. T., Khromchenko Ya. L.
On the control of drinking water quality and wastewater composition reflected in the RF new regulations
Summary
Some critical comments to 416-FZ Federal Law «On water supply and wastewater disposal» of December 7, 2011 are presented. It is noted that the statutory wording can be often liable to differing interpretations of the most important provisions whereas the regulations adopted in furtherance of the law are not associated with the holistic view of the problem. The control and supervision aspect of water supply and wastewater disposal is considered that has been regulated by the new RF enactments. «The rules of operational control of the drinking water, hot water quality and safety» approved by RF Government Decree No. 10 of January 6, 2015 are discussed. Some concerns are voiced that a common limited list of indicators for all the public water supply systems will be established which can result in formalistic development and approval of the programs of water quality and safety operational control; in the lack of proper quality surveillance. It will cause serious degradation of the situation with drinking water in Russia. In relation to the problem of the composition and properties of wastewater discharged into public sewers it is shown that all the customer categories irrespective of the discharged wastewater amount shall carry our routine operational control of the composition and properties of wastewater (independently and at their own expense), and submit the results to the water services company. The company, in its turn, will check the conformity of the submitted information with the actual data («The rules of using public water and wastewater systems in the Russian Federation», paragraph 65). 416-FZ Federal Law and the documents adopted on its basis compared to the previous acting statutory enactments will be a step backwards in relation to the procedure of operational control of drinking water quality, wastewater composition and properties as well as the safety of the mentioned water environment.
Key words
potable water , wastewater , water supply , water disposal , water safety and quality control , federal law
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UDC 628.1.033:351.777
Samburski Georgi, Plitman S. I., Pestov S. M., Tulakin A. V., Ampleeva G. P.
On some problems in water treatment related to the implementation of «On water supply and wastewater disposal» Act
Summary
A number of problems of regulating the process of drinking water purification for public water supply systems related to the water quality meeting the established hygienic requirements and performance targets are considered. It is shown that water and wastewater providers using the methods of risk assessment can optimize the measures aimed at improving the quality of drinking water in the context of choosing the implementation dates and priorities. It is noted that measuring water quality parameters without any consideration for procedural and sampling errors may not reflect actual concentrations of pollutants in drinking water in public water supply systems; whereas five-fold exceeding maximum permissible concentrations is possible which contravenes both drinking water hygienic standards and criteria of significant drinking water quality deterioration.
Ключевые слова
potable water , water supply , water treatment , water quality , measurement error , health risk
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UDC 628.161.3
Samburski Georgi, Pestov S. M., Plitman S. I., Tulakin A. V., Ampleeva G. P., Tsyplakova G. V., Koshenkov V. N.
On some problems in chemical treatment of drinking water
Summary
Stated requirements to the delivery of information on the technology and raw material used in the production of chemicals will provide for minimizing the threat of toxic substances transfer to the treated water. In the process of comparative evaluation of chemicals it is recommended to pay attention to the substantial part of the expert report related to the maximum permissible dosages (concentrations) substantiated with account of the criteria of acceptable health hazard. The requirements of Methodology Guidelines 2.1.4.1060-01 shall be applied to synthetic polyelectrolytes specified not only in the document but also in other hygienic regulations. It is related to the product and its monomers.
Key words
potable water , reagent , water treatment , synthetic polyelectrolytes , sanitary safety
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UDC 628.161/162
ALEKSEEV V. S., TESLA V. G., Boldyrev Kirill
About Necessity of Revision of Standard Silicon Content in Potable Water
Summary
Substantiation for increasing the value of allowable concentration of silicon dissolved in potable water is made; it will bring the domestic normative documents into accord with international standards, ensure more rational use of resources. In Russia the maximum allowable concentration of silicon is established in SanPiN for anthropogenic silicon and silicon used for water treatment that’s why the limitation on the use of natural water containing natural silicon is unlegitimate. The literary review of water desiliconization technologies is done. Data on reduction in content of dissolved silicon in the course of deferrization and demanganization of underground water with generation of coagels, reciprocal precipitation and sorption on ferriferous deposits generated are presented. In the course of intraformational deposition, reduction in silicon content up to 35–50% is reached.
Key words
potable water , ground water , aquifer , silicon , intraformational deposition
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UDC 628.16
Tsukanov N. A., Budykina T. A., Spitsyn E. N., Budykina K. Iu.
On the experience of applying DynaSand filters for drinking water deironing in Kursk
Summary
Drinking water supply of Kursk and the Kursk Area has been provided exclusively from underground water artesian sources because of the lack of affluent rivers and water bodies on the territory of the region. The given underground water is characterized by excess levels of ions of iron, manganese and hardness salts as well as by -radioactivity because of the specific geographical location and availability of the iron-ore deposit (Kursk Magnetic Anomaly). The basic method of water purification before supplying to the distribution network is disinfection with chlorine. In 2013 a drinking water deironing plant was put into operation with a capacity of 75 thousand m3/day. Water is preliminary chlorinated with sodium hypochlorite, then the generated iron hydroxide (III) sludge is removed by filtration in self-cleaning DynaSand filters manufactured by Nordic Water (Sweden). There is no analogue of deironing plant of such capacity with the use of DynaSand filters in Russia. Owing to the introduced technology the city of Kursk has been supplied with water of standard quality in relation to iron, manganese concentrations, and total hardness.
Key words
potable water , chlorination , deferrization , iron , manganese , aquifer , underground water source , self-cleaning DynaSand filter
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UDC 628.16/.31.085
Rudnikova G. I., Zelenin A. M.
Water Disinfection Using the UV-Irradiation at Water Treatment Facilities of the City of Angarsk
Summary
For the purpose of improving the barrier function with respect to viruses, parasites and water bacteria at water treatment facilities of Angarsk the station of potable water UV-disinfection was put into operation in 2009. The station’s equipment is located in the building of main facilities block before the vertical mixers. From the first days of operation the high efficiency of the UV-disinfection method was established. The analyses results show the complete inactivation of all water microorganisms and dependence of intensity of lamps radiation on physicochemical properties of river water as well. For the purpose of eliminating this dependence the alternative scheme of water feed is offered: treated water after the filter is delivered to UV-disinfection plants instead of river water.
Key words
potable water , chlorination , turbidity , ultra-violet disinfecting , water treatment , microorganisms , inactivation
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UDC 628.161.3
FESENKO L. N., Ignatenko S. I., Fedotov R. V.
Desiliconization of drinking water by modified media filtration
Summary
A brief evaluation of water desiliconization technologies is given. The results of experimental investigations of eliminating silicic acid compounds from water by deposition on aluminum and iron hydroxides, contact coagulation in a granular bed and modified media filtration are presented. Activated aluminum oxide filtering media modified with 0.5% sodium aluminate solution attains twice as much sorption capacity (compared to media regeneration with alkali) in relation to orthosilicates. Herein 95–97% desiliconization efficiency is ensured alongside with simultaneous reduction of water hardness. Non-waste technology of underground water desiliconization with modifying chemical reuse and generation of crystalline dewatered alumosilicate used in ceramics production as process wastes was developed.
Key words
potable water , filtration , loading material , sodium aluminate , desiliconization , activated aluminum oxide , alumosilicate sludge
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UDC 628.161
DOI 10.35776/VST.2023.03.01
Alekseeva L. P., Alekseev S. E.
Optimization of the process of colored water chemical treatment in characteristic periods of the year
Summary
Significant seasonal changes in the water quality in natural water supply sources cause problems in the purification of drinking water at a water treatment plant. This is particularly true in the process of purification of low-turbid colored water with a high concentration of organic substances, at low water temperatures. During flood periods, the pollution load on the treatment facilities increases significantly; as a result, the quality of treated water deteriorates, and it is rather difficult, and in some cases impossible, to ensure meeting the standards for some indicators. The problem is solved by applying various methods and creating conditions for the coagulation process, taking into account seasonal changes in the quality of the raw water and technological options for the purification at the water treatment facilities.
Key words
potable water , water treatment , low turbidity colored water , natural colored water treatment , natural water coagulation , contact coagulation
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UDC 628.16.052.2
Alekseeva L. P., Alekseev S. E., Kourova L. V.
Optimization of low polluted water purification process
Summary
The ways of enhancing water coagulation processes at the operating water treatment plants with the purpose of reducing chemical costs are considered. The results of studying the conditions of different coagulants and floculants use in water purification from low polluted sources by the example of the Irtysh River are presented. It was stated that during both summer-fall and winter periods the use of aluminium oxychloride coagulant in combination with organic coagulants was most efficient for Irtysh water treatment. The effect and optimal parameters of mixing chemicals with water in the mixing chamber and flocculation tank is shown. The optimal conditions of water mixing in the mixing chamber during the summer period provided for reducing the turbidity of clarified water and filtrate by 20 and 35%, respectively; whereas enhancing slow mixing in the flocculation tank – by 35 and 63%, respectively. During the fall period the effect of mixing conditions is even higher and allows reducing the chemical dosage applied minimum twofold while maintaining the quality of treated water. In winter when water treatment at the plant is actually carried out in contact coagulation mode the represented data show that the optimal conditions of rapid mixing water with coagulants in the mixing chamber provide for the treated water turbidity 3–5 times lower compared to the treatment under the existing conditions even at lower dosages. It is shown that for low turbidity and low colored water reducing the chemical dosage requires more rapid and long-lasting water mixing in flocculation tanks.
Key words
potable water , coagulant , flocculant , low polluted water source , conditions of mixing water with chemicals
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