UDC 628.166.085
DOI 10.35776/VST.2023.08.02

Sobur Denis, Tkachev Andrei, Kostyuchenko S. V.

On the practicability of using ultraviolet to remove chloramines
in swimming pools

Summary

There is a practice of using ultraviolet irradiation as a method for removing chloramines from water in swimming pools and waterparks. The review of scientific publications devoted to this technology is presented. Based on the literature data, it is concluded that UV irradiation has practically no effect on the concentration of chloramines in water in swimming pools and waterparks. UV irradiation is more effective while being used for disinfection in combination with chlorination. The combination of UV irradiation and chlorination provides for the reliable disinfection with possible reducing the concentration of chlorine and its derivatives in pool water. And the removal of chloramines, if required, should be carried out by other technologies as part of advanced water treatment schemes that solve this problem more efficiently (correct multilayer filtration, the use of activated carbon, etc.).

Key words

water treatment , swimming pool , UV-irradiation , chloramine removal

UDC 628.166.094.3:661.418
DOI 10.35776/VST.2023.09.06

Gao Yuan, NEFEDOVA E. D., KINEBAS A. K., Lobanov Fedor

Disinfection of water with low-concentration sodium hypochlorite

Summary

An advanced safe technology for the production of low-concentration sodium hypochlorite from salt brine is considered. The main stages of the technological process are described in detail. Particular attention is paid to the issues of industrial safety and reliable operation of electrolyzers – units for the preparation of sodium hypochlorite at the Southern and Northern water treatment facilities of SUE «Vodokanal of St. Petersburg». The use of low-concentration solutions of sodium hypochlorite provides for improving the safety of water purification processes. Salt is the raw material for the production of sodium hypochlorite. Since the chemical is used directly at the place of production, there is no need for transportation. The combination of disinfection of treated water with low-concentration sodium hypochlorite (first stage) with ultraviolet irradiation (second stage) before supplying it to the city water supply network guarantees full compliance of water quality in terms of microbiological indicators with current standards and its high epidemiological safety.

Key words

disinfection , water treatment , sodium hypochlorite , epidemiologic safety

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UDC 628.16/.31.085

Rudnikova G. I., Zelenin A. M.

Water Disinfection Using the UV-Irradiation at Water Treatment Facilities of the City of Angarsk

Summary

For the purpose of improving the barrier function with respect to viruses, parasites and water bacteria at water treatment facilities of Angarsk the station of potable water UV-disinfection was put into operation in 2009. The station’s equipment is located in the building of main facilities block before the vertical mixers. From the first days of operation the high efficiency of the UV-disinfection method was established. The analyses results show the complete inactivation of all water microorganisms and dependence of intensity of lamps radiation on physicochemical properties of river water as well. For the purpose of eliminating this dependence the alternative scheme of water feed is offered: treated water after the filter is delivered to UV-disinfection plants instead of river water.

Key words

potable water , chlorination , turbidity , ultra-violet disinfecting , water treatment , microorganisms , inactivation

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UDC 628.16/.31.085

IVANOV A. S.

Determination of the Minimal Efficient Doze of UV-Irradiation

Summary

The process of study of water for optimal and valid choice of power of the ultraviolet irradiation system is described. The effectiveness of water treatment by ultraviolet irradiation depending on the content of suspended particles in water is shown. A diagram of the dependence of performance of ultraviolet disinfection on the water transmission coefficient is presented. The necessity of conduction of the preliminary model ultraviolet irradiation and drawing up of the conclusion before the delivery of equipment to the real object of the customer is substantiated.

Key words

disinfection , ultraviolet , wastewater , water treatment , disinfection

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UDC 628.161.3

Egorova Yu. A., Bykova P. G., Nesterenko O. I., Strelkova T. A.

Optimization of chemical water treatment costs in the process
of abstraction from surface water sources

Summary

The operational experience of «Samarskie Kommunal’nye Sistemy» LLC in the optimization of chemical water treatment costs in the process of water abstraction from the surface water source is presented. The Saratovskoe water reservoir has been the only water supply source of Samara urban district. Seasonal variations of water quality in the water reservoir call for the upgrade of the chemical water treatment method with the purpose of improving the efficiency of the treatment processes. To determine the optimal dosage of chemicals the process of chemical water processing in Lovibond ЕТ-750 flocculator has been being simulated at the laboratory of the water treatment plant using the required set parameters: mixing time, sedimentation time, time of passing through the facilities; mixing rate. During test coagulation the features of the generated sludge and its sedimentation rate are monitored. The results of the test coagulation provide for regulating the chemical dosages and water processing modes. The optimal dosages of chemicals determined during the test water coagulation provided for the economical efficiency 33,48% in 2016; 31,3% in 2017. A combined water treatment flow scheme with the use of two coagulant types: polyaluminum chloride in winter and less expensive aluminium sulfate in summer is introduced. Routine test coagulation with the purpose of the optimal chemical dosage depending on the water source quality provides for optimizing and planning chemical costs to ensure the water quality meeting the requirements of Sanitary Regulations and Norms 2.1.4.1074-01 «Drinking water. Hygienic requirements to the water quality in public drinking water supply systems. Quality control».

Key words

surface water source , water treatment , test coagulation , chemical dosage , cost optimization

UDC 628.161
DOI 10.35776/VST.2023.03.01

Alekseeva L. P., Alekseev S. E.

Optimization of the process of colored water chemical treatment in characteristic periods of the year

Summary

Significant seasonal changes in the water quality in natural water supply sources cause problems in the purification of drinking water at a water treatment plant. This is particularly true in the process of purification of low-turbid colored water with a high concentration of organic substances, at low water temperatures. During flood periods, the pollution load on the treatment facilities increases significantly; as a result, the quality of treated water deteriorates, and it is rather difficult, and in some cases impossible, to ensure meeting the standards for some indicators. The problem is solved by applying various methods and creating conditions for the coagulation process, taking into account seasonal changes in the quality of the raw water and technological options for the purification at the water treatment facilities.

Key words

potable water , water treatment , low turbidity colored water , natural colored water treatment , natural water coagulation , contact coagulation

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UDC 628.16.065.2-926:628.16.094.413.094.3

Pokhil Yu. N., Bagaev Iurii, Mamaev V. V., Novoshintsev V. N., Valuyskikh I. V., Zhagin V. A., Boldyrev Viacheslav Viktorovich, Shokolov A. N., Belousova T. V., Smirnov V. P.

Optimization of flocculation and chlorammoniation processes at the water treatment facilities of the city of Novosibirsk

Summary

The results of long-term studies to improve the design and operating parameters of the pumping-filtration stations in Novosibirsk are presented. The schemes of the developed processes and technical means for the enhancement of disinfection and flocculation are given. The results of research on improving the processes of mixing and flocculation to provide for reducing the consumption of coagulant by more than 50% without water quality degradation achieving precipitation of the major sludge amount in the flotation chambers and at the entry of the sedimentation tanks, respectively, reducing the pollution load on filters and water consumption for their backwash. Based on the results of the research on the improvement of the technology of chlorammoniation a predictable and well-controlled process has been developed with a guaranteed decrease in the concentration of chlororganic compounds within the limits of the MPCs as well as the elimination of chloramines with the highest degree of oxidation and nitrification. The process ensures the reduction of secondary water pollution and bacteriological and hydrobiological pollution of the water treatment facilities.

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Key words

disinfection , water treatment , intensification , flocculation , chlorammoniation , mixing , stoichiometric calculation

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UDC 628.161:628.169

Alekseev S. E., Shelest S. N., Захаров В. Р., Moor N. V.

Experience of retrofitting the technology of wash water utilization at the Omsk water treatment facilities

Summary

The main phases of addressing holistically the problem water source pollution with wastewater generated at the Omsk water treatment plant are considered. The results of technologic pre-engineering that provided for determining the optimal flow scheme of the treatment process and filter wash water reuse as well for defining the process parameters of combined treatment of river and wash water are presented. It is shown that the chemicals mainly used for drinking water purification can be used for filter wash water treatment. The studies were carried out by test coagulation method, i. e. by adding various amounts of polluted wash water and chemicals used at the water treatment plant into raw river water. The efficiency of combined treatment of river water is improving with increasing the amount of added polluted wash water. The design concepts and process flow scheme of water treatment that provided for constructing and commissioning filter wash water reuse unit with minimum capital expenditures are presented. The operating experience affirmed the correctness of the adopted process and design solutions. As a result the abstraction of raw river water was reduced by 9–13% and wash water discharge into the Irtysh River- the water source was completely abandoned. Wash water treatment is carried out together with raw river water at the water treatment facilities. Herewith the drinking water quality fully meets the requirements of Sanitary Regulations and Norms 2.1.4.1074-01.

Key words

water treatment , reagent treatment , wash water , water reuse , resource conservation

DOI 10.35776/VST.2022.03.04
UDC 628.161.2:628.166-926.214

Kozin Dmitrii, Prokof’ev Valerii, Prokof’eva Taisiia

Experience of using ozone for deironing water of a complex composition

Summary

The purpose of the study was developing a process flow scheme and determining the main parameters of the ozonation method for removing iron and manganese compounds from process water. The studies were carried out in a pilot plant; the test object was circulating water at a power engineering facility in Bashkiria. To achieve this goal, a multi-stage experiment was conducted that provided for: determining the optimal doses of ozone, ozone contact time with processed water; choosing the main design options for using sorption filters; adjusting the filtration rate. The data of the experimental studies proving the effectiveness of the chosen method are presented. The results obtained provide for determining the costs of water treatment, estimating the operating costs, and compare the proposed and alternative methods for removing iron and manganese compounds.

Key words

ozonization , treatment facilities , deferrization , water treatment , permanganate oxidizability , sorbent

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UDC 628.16.006.7

Volftrub L. I., Korabelnikov V. M., Gudoshnikova A. E.

Experience of Modernization of Settling Tanks and Clarifiers at Water Treatment Stations

Summary

Methods of the modernization of different designs of flocculators, settling tanks and clarifiers based on the use of thin-layer, recirculating flocculation and thin-layer deposition are presented. Advantages of the design of thin-layer cellular blocks developed by the authors and produced by the EcoholdingClosed Company are shown. Results of the long term (over 10 years) operation of modernized settling facilities in the systems of communal and industry water treatment at different compositions of natural water and various methods of their treatment are presented.

Key words:

water treatment , modernization , intensification , flocculation , settling , thin-layer cellular blocks

DOI 10.35776/MNP.2019.10.02
UDC 628.166.085:524.3-74

Piskareva V. M., Kupin K. V.

The experience of using UV disinfection in the biggest European cities

Summary

The technology of drinking water disinfection by ultraviolet radiation has been widely used abroad. An example of the successful operation of UV-units is water treatment plants in Europe where various process flow schemes of UV disinfection have been implemented: as part of a multi-barrier scheme and as an independent method. The results of the introduction of UV technology at water treatment plants in Budapest (Hungary), Vienna (Austria), Berlin (Germany), Antwerp (Belgium) are presented. When preparing drinking water from surface sources it is recommended to use multi-barrier schemes including disinfection methods that ensure a prolonged effect. The effectiveness of UV disinfection in relation to viruses and protozoan cysts provides for reducing the dosage of chlorine-containing chemicals which inhibits the formation of chlororganic compounds. The decision to abandon chlorination while using UV-disinfection as an independent method should be substantiated considering the actual operating conditions of the water treatment facilities and water distribution networks.

Key words

potable water , ultraviolet , water treatment , UV disinfection

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UDC 628.16.066.7

Volftrub L. I.

The experience of operating lamella settlers and clarifiers with built-in flocculation chambers

Summary

The results of upgrading primary water treatment facilities – flocculation chambers, sedimentation tanks and clarifiers based on the use of low-flow and low-pressure recirculators and lamella honeycomb modules made of polyethylene film 250–300 µm thick designed by ECOHOLDING Group experts are presented. The developed method of jointing film into a honeycomb construction with an inner rigid frame provides for the ruggedness and spacial stability of the honeycomb module and allows stretching it on the frames on perimeter only. Firm jointing of the film allows manufacturing a honeycomb construction of any size and angle of slope providing minimum loss of clarifying surface of the facilities of any configuration, both radial and rectangular. For long-term operated facilities honeycomb modules are tailormade after each of them has been measured. The possibility of ensuring the required recirculation rate at low head loss and minimum liquid flow rate to prevent the recycled suspension from destruction and facilitate efficient floc formation is an essential advantage of the developed methods of recirculator designing and constructing. The presented high-efficient methods of coagulation and sedimentation improvement form the basis of prefabricated «Struiia» and «Vlaga» modular water treatment units with 100–12000 m3/day capacities. The units are designed for natural water treatment: turbidity and color removal, softening, defluorination, de-ironing (composite forms, high concentrations of iron) and disinfection. They are used in water supply systems of settlements, towns, hospital care and health resorts, sport centers, fish farms, industrial enterprises or separate production facilities.

Key words

turbidity , water treatment , modernization , residual aluminium , flocculation chamber , lamella settler , clarifier , honeycomb module

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UDC 628.162.84.004.1

Sivolov G. E., Karmalov A. I., Medrish G. L., Piskov M. V., Panchuk S. A., Zorin A. P.

Experience in Operation and Enhancement of Water Disinfection System with the Use of Sodium Hypochlorite

Summary

Over ten years ago at the water treatment facilities of the city of Seversk the operation of the disinfection system with the use of liquid chlorine was converted to the use of sodium hypochlorite. At present the modernization of equipment due to the application of aerohydrodynamic mixers was made, the processes of mixing the reagent with water being treated were intensified, the operation of reagent facilities was completely automated including the dosing of sodium hypochlorite proportional to water flowrate.

Key words

disinfection , filter , sodium hypochlorite , water treatment , computerization , aerohydrodynamic mixer

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UDC 628.1.036:543.3

Serikov L. V., Shiyan L. N., Tropina E. A., Khryapov P. A.

Peculiarities of Measuring of Chromaticity of the West Siberian Region’s Ground Water

Summary

Results of the experimental study aimed at determining the chromaticity of the West Siberian Region’s ground water sampled from a depth of 80–200 m with the use of the chromaticity measuring methods recommended by GOST R 52769-2007 are presented. Difficulties of the determination of chromaticity are associated with the features of the chemical composition of ground water and are due to the generation of stable colloidal particles consisting of Fe(OH)₃ and dissolved organic substances of humus origin. It is established that the chromaticity of ground water generally depends on the presence of colloidal compounds of iron and is characterized as seemingchromaticity of water.

Key words:

potable water , ground water , chromaticity , water treatment , odor , taste , colloidal particles , humus

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UDC 628.16.065

Alekseeva L. P., Kourova L. V.

The specific features of using organic cationic flocculants in surface water treatment

Summary

The specific features of using high-molecular cationic flocculants for the treatment of water from surface sources characterized by low color, medium turbidity and low organics are considered. On basis of theoretical provisions and experimental results the expediency of using these flocculants as basic chemicals and in combination with mineral flocculants are shown; the conditions of using them at the water treatment plants are determined.

Key words

potable water , turbidity , chromaticity , water treatment , coagulant , flocculant , water source , organic substances

DOI 10.35776/MNP.2020.01.02
UDC 628.1:006.3:66-926

Samburski Georgi, Ustinova O. V., Leont’eva S. V.

Specific features of standardization of chemicals
for the preparation of drinking water (through the example of polyaluminium chloride coagulant)

Summary

Coagulation process has been a widespread process technology for removing coarse suspended impurities from water, as well as colloidal organic contaminants present in dissolved form. Polyvalent metal salts are effective coagulants for the systems with aqueous disperse medium. The purpose of the work was developing a new state standard to provide for a uniform assessment of the quality of coagulants. The scope of coagulants in the process of water treatment is considered and their comparative analysis is carried out. The general requirements to the control of polyaluminium chloride quality are formulated. The developed and approved new national standard GOST R 58580-2019 «Polyaluminium chloride. Technical conditions» is presented that takes into account the requirements of sanitary legislation, technical regulation, safety of the processes of production and transportation of polyaluminium chloride.

Key words

water treatment , water treatment , aluminium polyoxychloride , coagulants , standardization of chemicals

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UDC 628.136:725.74.002.56.004.1

Medkov B. K.

Features of Operation of Control and Measuring Equipment in Water with Higher Carbonate Hardness

Summary

Reasons for the failure of control and measuring equipment determining the free residual chlorine in a swimming pool’s water are considered. In process of the equipment operation deposits on a measuring electrode of a running-water cell and corrosion of a counter electrode are observed. The inspection of the swimming pool’s water treatment system, chemical analysis of deposits on the measuring electrode and analysis of the pool’s water allow to suppose that this water composition favors the calcium carbonate deposition on the surfaces of pipelines and equipment. The assessment of water stability shows that the index of saturation with calcium carbonate is sufficiently high. Results of the experimental study of stabilizing treatment of water for the purpose of reducing the index of saturation with calcium carbonate are presented. Dozes of reagents selected optimally favor the normal operation of equipment.

Key words

water treatment , swimming pool , free chlorine measuring system , stability index , carbonate deposits

DOI 10.35776/VST.2022.03.01
UDC 628.16

SMIRNOV A. D., Belyak А. А., GERASIMOV M. M., Sverdlikov Aleksandr

Estimation of possible increasing the barrier function of natural water treatment facilities during periods of extraordinary situations

Summary

The need of increasing the barrier functions of water treatment process schemes and facilities during the periods of extraordinary pollution of water bodies is considered. The causes of extraordinary situations at water sources are as follows: industrial and transport accidents, manmade disasters, seasonal floods and even waterless seasons. The differences between extraordinary situations and their consequences in the water treatment practice from ordinary cases are given. Rules have been developed for preparing clean water of standard quality in emergency situations. Laboratory tests of water purification from the sources of various climatic zones using powdered activated carbons were conducted with water from Yakutsk, Astrakhan, Ryazan and Simferopol water utilities. The main sorption characteristics of the tested sorbents for methylene blue and iodine were determined. The results of testing powdered sorbents for four water sources showed that, compared with the traditional two-stage water purification scheme, the use of powdered activated carbon in the headworks of the process flow scheme provided for achieving the standard values for the permanganate index and total iron concentration. Also, unpleasant odors of water are almost completely eliminated, while no increase in coagulant doses was required compared to the operating facilities. It is shown that the efficiency of using powdered carbon practically does not depend on the climatic conditions of the regions. A generalized chart for the use of powdered carbon at the facilities with a two-stage treatment process flow scheme is proposed.

Key words

water treatment , natural water treatment , laboratory tests , extraordinary situations , powdered activated carbon

UDC 628.16.081.32
DOI 10.35776/VST.2023.10.04

GERASIMOV M. M., Belyak А. А., SMIRNOV A. D., Arkhipova Elena, Metelitsa Ekaterina, Trost’ Andrei

Assessment of possible reducing the concentration of total organic carbon in drinking water by using powdered activated carbons

Summary

Processing of the data on permanganate index and total organic carbon for 2021–2022 revealed a clear correlation in the dynamics of changes in these indicators in both source and purified water. Samples of a number of brands of powdered activated carbons were tested in a process flow scheme of river water treatment. The test results showed that treatment with activated carbon provides for increasing significantly the efficiency of river water purification both in terms of permanganate index and in reducing the total organic carbon.

Key words

water treatment , permanganate oxidizability , natural water treatment , total organic carbon , powdered activated carbons , tests

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UDC 628.16.065.2

Akhmadieva Iu. I., Sazanova N. I.

Estimation of the efficiency of aluminum-containing coagulants
in low polluted surface water treatment through
the example of «Minskvodokanal» UE

Summary

«Minskvodokanal» UE has been continuously developing the technologies of water treatment with the purpose of improving drinking water quality and water supply services. One of the perspective directions of improving the technologies of surface water treatment at the Water Treatment Plant of Minsk is the search for new efficient chemicals, coagulants based on aluminium salts in particular. The data describing the quality of natural water incoming for treatment is presented. The process flow scheme of water treatment is presented. The issues of objective estimation of the efficiency of the chemicals studied are considered with obtaining consistent results proved under production conditions. The main controlled parameters of natural water and water after coagulant addition are determined, and the measurement techniques are presented. The experimentel results and technical process modeling under laboratory conditions is shown. A general program of laboratory tests of aluminum-containing coagulants has been compiled. The method of data processing and analysis with obtaining statistically consistent results has been developed. The periods of testing new coagulant brands that provide for taking account of the seasonal and annual fluctuations of the chemical and microbiological water components for selecting coagulants that are efficient throughout the year are denoted.

Key words

potable water , water treatment , coagulant , flocculator , low polluted water source