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UDC 628.35
SHVETSOV V. N.
On the criticism of the NII VODGEO method of designing
biological wastewater treatment facilities with nutrients removal
Summary
The analysis of the critical notes published in the article by Ph. D. (Engineering) D. A. Danilovich and Engineer A. N. Epov «Comparative analysis of the methods of designing biological wastewater treatment facilities with nitrogen removal» in which the opponents make the following statements: the NII VODGEO method is «manual» and simplified, cannot be considered as mathematical model; the specific nitrification rate parameter cannot be used in calculations; the effect of temperature and other factors are not taken into account; «simplified» equations of enzyme kinetics cannot be used for nitrification-denitrification processes because of the inadmissible distortions under the impact of factors that these equations do not take into account; sludge age is determined by the effluent quality regardless of the pollutant concentration in the incoming wastewater; in sludge growth calculations sludge age shall be used; the residual concentration of a substance (in effluent) does not depend on its initial concentration; aeration tank calculations shall be based on sludge age is presented. Based on the detailed analysis of the comments and statements of the opponents their inconsistency and lack of proof is shown. It is proved that not a single substantial fact damaging the NII VODGEO method has been mentioned in the article, and the conclusions made by the authors are unfounded and unsubstantiated. The conclusion is made that the availability of a reliable and approved national calculation method will provide for restricting the unsubstantiated use of inadequate, untested calculation methods; eliminating unjustified construction and upgrade overpricing, uncontrolled engaging of untested foreign inventions in the projects; reducing the level of corruption in this field; implementing correctly the developed best available technologies in domestic practice. It is noted that up to now the calculation method included in SNiP 2.04.03-85 has been the only opportunity for the experts to design and control the facilities for municipal and industrial wastewater biological treatment. Consequently, improving and updating a universal, scientifically grounded and field-proven domestic method of designing the facilities for municipal and industrial wastewater biological treatment with regard to the nutrients removal has been a crucial and pending task. The attention is called to the need of urgent restoration of the expert competency, the revival of the Russian scholarly traditions on the basis of the immense scientific and practical capacity established by our predecessors.
Key words
wastewater , biological treatment , nitrification , denitrification , nutrients removal , sludge age , facilities design
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UDC 628.316.12:546.72
Filatova E. G., Pomazkina O. I., Dudarev V. I., Soboleva A. A.
Removing iron with carbon sorbent from plating wastes
Summary
The results of investigating adsorption capacity of sorbents in relation to iron ions (III) under static and dynamic conditions (with the use of isotherms and kinetic adsorption curves) are presented. To provide for removal of iron ions (III) and tertiary treatment of plating wastes IPI-T activated carbon was used that was produced from the wastes of phenol-formaldehyde resin production and modified with sulfosalicylic acid for IPI-Tm sorbent production was used. The maximum rate of sorbate passing through the sorbent layer was 5–7.5 ml/min which corresponded to the linear velocity of 1.5–2 m/h under full-scale conditions. The main factor that affects the sorption process is pH with optimal value of 1.79. Constants of BET adsorption equation for IPI-Tm modified sorbent were determined. The limiting sorption capacity of the monolayer was 128 mmol/kg, for IPI-T sorbent – 20.8 mmol/kg, limiting adsorption А∞ – 100 mmol/kg, adsorption equilibrium constant – 1·104; at that standard Gibbs energy of adsorption was 22.819 kJ/mol. Under dynamic conditions the time of the protective effect of IPI-Tm sorbent was 4 hours, i. e. 2 hours longer compared to IPI-T sorbent, and the volume capacity for IPI-Tm was 7.2 mg/l, i. e. twice as high as that for IPI-T.
Key words
wastewater , carbonic sorbent , adsorption , galvanic production , iron ions (III) , isotherm , kinetic curve
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UDC 628.292.65.011.4
Ignatchik S. Iu.
Ensuring of Reliability and Power Saving When Designing the Facilities for Wastewater Transporting
SUMMARY
Main propositions of methods of the designing of facilities for wastewater transporting, a collector – aeration station system as an example, at increased discharge of wastewater are considered. The consistency of substantiation of the decision ensuring that the system will guarantee reliable transporting and reduction of operation costs is presented. The numerical evaluation is limited with probabilistic [probability of no-failure operation P(t), intensity of failures λ and repairs μ] and parametric [output Q(t) and power consumption W(t)] indices of the system. The methods of calculation developed make it possible to substantiate technical decisions ensuring the reliability and power saving when reconstructing the facilities for wastewater transporting with due regard for requirements for human environment protection.
Key words
wastewater , reliability , power consumption , operation expenditures , pumping station , pumps characteristics
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UDC 628.345.1
Rublevskaya O. N., Kolosov D. E., PANKOVA G. A.
Substantiating the use of aluminium sulfate for the elimination of phosphorus from wastewater at the Saint-Petersburg wastewater treatment facilities
Summary
The article opens a series of three articles dedicated to the introduction of aluminium sulfate as a chemical for chemical removal of phosphorus compounds from wastewater. The urgency of the task of eliminating nutrients from wastewater is described; the primary concern of removing phosphorus for the protection of water bodies from eutrophication is substantiated. A short literature review including the practice of chemical removal of phosphorus from wastewater in USA and European Union is presented. Special features of the basic chemicals – calcium, aluminium and iron compounds – essential for the practical application of chemical removal of phosphorus are described. The second article will present the evaluation of the toxicity of aluminium and iron compounds; the results of investigating the impact of iron and aluminium salts on the aeration tank biocenosis and sludge mixture dewaterability will be discussed. The third final article will present a detailed report on the introduction of aluminium sulfate as a chemical for chemical removal of phosphorus compounds from wastewater at the Saint-Petersburg wastewater treatment facilities.
Key words
wastewater , aluminium sulphate , nutrients removal , chemical precipitation of phosphorus , ferric sulfate , insoluble phosphates
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UDC 628.35:661.63
KOZLOV M. N., Kevbrina M. V., Nikolaev Yu. A., Dorofeev A. G., GRACHEV V. A., KAZAKOVA E. A., Aseyeva V. G., Zharkov A. V.
Single-reactor technology of nitrogen removal from wastewater
Summary
The experts of R&D Centre of «Mosvodokanal» OJSC developed high-effective technology of removing nitrogen from wastewater. The technology was tested at the Kur’ianovo wastewater treatment plant of the city of Moscow during processing filtrate of the digested sludge belt thickeners. The method is based on the use of specific Anammox-bacteria that oxidize ammonium with nitrite under anoxic conditions. Filtrate is processed in a sequencing batch reactor with complete mixing (SBR-reactor). Partial nitrification processes (ammonium oxidation into nitrite), ammonium oxidation with nitrite and organic matter oxidation are carried out in one reactor. Retention of extremely slow growing biomass of Anammox-bacteria has been a critical problem for all the reactors. In this particular case the problem was solved with bacteria adhesion on the reactor walls and the feed as well as with flotation. To evaluate the treatment efficiency standard methods were used. The developed single-reactor modification of the anoxic oxidation of ammonium differs from the well-known by the following parameters: high nitrogen removal efficiency, the method of biomass bacteria retention in the reactor, the availability of new Anammox bacteria, heterotrophic denitrification. All other conditions being equal the integration of Anammox single-reactor technology requires the size of the facilities ten times smaller than double-reactor technology; for this reason it is more preferable for implementation. The new technology was given the name AUTOHETAMMOX.
Key words
wastewater , nitrogen removal , bioreactor , nitrification-denitrification , anammox bacteria
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UDC 628.35:665.6
Stepanov S. V., Strelkov A. K., Blinkova L. A., MOROZOVA K. M., Belyakov A. V.
Estimating kinetic constants for the process of biochemical treatment of oil refinery wastewater
Summary
The results of studies carried out under periodic conditions at the wastewater biological treatment facilities of the Novokouibyshevsky, Kouibyshevsky, Syzransky and Atchinsky oil refineries are presented. With reference to the measured oxygen consumption rate the values of the maximum oxidation rate, Michaelis constants and coefficient of inhibition by activated sludge degradation products were obtained. Kinetic constants depend on the raw wastewater composition and are subject to daily fluctuations. The obtained values can be used in designing aeration tanks for oil refinery wastewater treatment.
Key words
wastewater , biological treatment , activated sludge , oil refinery , kinetic constant
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DOI 10.35776/VST.2022.10.05
UDC 628.35
Stepanov S. V., Avdeenkov Pavel, Ponomarenko Ol’ga, MOROZOVA K. M.
Determination of kinetic constants and coefficients of biological processes of wastewater treatment of egg advanced processing enterprises
Summary
The results of studies carried out in contact conditions with active sludge of a laboratory batch reactor with wastewater from an enterprise for advanced processing of chicken eggs are presented. In the course of kinetic experiments based on measuring the rate of dissolved oxygen consumption the following averaged values of the kinetic constants of the biological treatment processes were established for wastewater after preliminary coagulation: the maximum rate of oxygen consumption at a sludge concentration ai → 0 ρ`max = 44.8 mg/(g·h) in terms of a temperature of 20°С; Michaelis constant Km = 77.5 mg/l; coefficient of inhibition by metabolic products φ=0.265; temperature constant χ = 0.08°С–1; optimal pH value 7.8 and pH constant 80. During the experiments with raw wastewater, the following average values of the constants were determined: the maximum rate of oxygen consumption at 20°С and ai → 0 ρ`max = 26.5 mg/(g·h); Michaelis constant Km = 50.6 mg/l; coefficient of inhibition by metabolic products φ=0.065; temperature constant χ = 0.1°С–1; pHopt 7.8 and KрН = 170. The obtained values of kinetic constants and coefficients can be used in the calculation of biological wastewater treatment facilities of an egg processing enterprise.
Key words
wastewater , biological treatment , kinetic constants , food industry , egg processing enterprise , batch reactor
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UDC 504.06
Bykova P. G., Palagin Evgenii, Gridneva M. A.
Determining the dilution ratio in wastewater discharge regulation
Summary
Wastewater dilution is used for reducing the concentration of pollutants in water bodies and water courses. The intensity of dilution process is quantified by the dilution ratio that equals to the ratio of the sum of the rate of wastewater flow and water medium to the wastewater flow rate or equals to the ratio of excess pollution concentration at the outfall to the similar concentrations in the considered cross-section. The method of calculating the wastewater dilution ratio at the discharge to water courses from point and diffusing sources is presented. The results of the calculations for several options of the reference conditions are set. The limitations of using different methods are described. The necessary adjustments and recommendations are given for calculating the total wastewater dilution with account of the initial one.
Key words
wastewater , discharge regulation , water course , dilution ratio , diffusing and point outfalls
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UDC 628.16/.31.085
IVANOV A. S.
Determination of the Minimal Efficient Doze of UV-Irradiation
Summary
The process of study of water for optimal and valid choice of power of the ultraviolet irradiation system is described. The effectiveness of water treatment by ultraviolet irradiation depending on the content of suspended particles in water is shown. A diagram of the dependence of performance of ultraviolet disinfection on the water transmission coefficient is presented. The necessity of conduction of the preliminary model ultraviolet irradiation and drawing up of the conclusion before the delivery of equipment to the real object of the customer is substantiated.
Key words
disinfection , ultraviolet , wastewater , water treatment , disinfection
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UDC 628.35
DOI 10.35776/VST.2023.05.05
Stepanov S. V., Avdeenkov Pavel, Ponomarenko Ol’ga, MOROZOVA K. M.
Optimization and technical and economic evaluation of the process flow schemes of wastewater treatment of a plant for chicken egg advanced processing
Summary
The results of searching for the optimal process scheme for wastewater treatment of an enterprise for advanced processing of chicken eggs are presented. The optimization was carried out in terms of the life cycle cost (LCC) for a period of 25 years operation for the newly built treatment facilities with a capacity of 600 m3/day. The considered options include mechanical, one- and two-stage aerobic biological treatment in a membrane bioreactor with nitri-denitrification, with primary chemical pressure flotation with different doses of coagulant and without flotation. Process design was made on the basis of experimentally determined technological and kinetic parameters. The economic feasibility of primary physical and chemical purification was proved, and what is more, the most cost-effective was the treatment with Aqua-Aurat™-14 coagulant trademark with a dose of 125 mg/l as Al2O3, corresponding to the highest efficiency of physical and chemical purification. Retrofitting chemical flotation into the process flow scheme provided for reducing LCC by 7.7%. It is shown that with the availability of physical and chemical treatment dividing biological treatment into two stages virtually produces no economic effect on LCC. Taking into account the lowest energy consumption and the size of the structures the most useful option turned out to be the one with primary physical and chemical treatment and single-stage aeration tanks. The cost of wastewater treatment in this case was 99.66 RUB/m3, or 18.62 RUB/kg BODtot. For all the considered options in the LCC structure, the capital costs had the highest value – 22.2–27.9%, the payroll fund – 17.3–19.2%, equipment replacement – 17.4–19%.
Key words
wastewater , biological treatment , optimization , life cycle cost , physical and chemical treatment , egg processing enterprise , technical and economic evaluation , cost of wastewater treatment
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UDC 628.292.004.69
Butko A. V., Posupon'ko S. V.
Optimization of wastewater pumping station operation
Summary
The operation of wastewater pumping stations requires attention and understanding of the life cycle of the facilities and equipment. As a rule, the facilities put into operation and designed for the calculated amount of wastewater for a long time cannot reach the rated capacity. This is due to more efficient drinking water consumption by the population, low rate of housing development and sale on the territories served by the wastewater pumping stations, reduction and even termination of wastewater discharge by the industrial enterprises. The method of studying the operation of the wastewater pumping stations, selecting the optimal parameters of the home-made pumping units is presented. The implementation of the optimized work schedule for three units with a rated capacity of 1400, 350 and 320 m3/h provided for reducing the number of turns-on of the pumping units and 23% energy saving. At the same time the changes in the work schedule of the downstream transfer wastewater pumping station and 10–12% reduction in the power consumption were registered. The actual cost payback period was less than one year.
Key words
wastewater , sewerage pumping station , power consumption , economic efficiency , method of studying
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UDC 628.292.65.011.4
Karmazinov F. V., Probirsky M. D., IGNATCHIK V. S., Ignatchik S. Iu., Kuznetsov P. N.
Optimization of the wastewater disposal system
Summary
In the Federal Law of the Russian Federation «On water supply and wastewater disposal» the challenges and principles of the national policy in this field have been defined. One of the challenges is «improving energy efficiency by water conservation». The experience of SUE «Vodokanal of St. Petersburg» shows that achieving the above-noted challenge apart from installing water meters is possible by zoning the distribution networks and reducing the working pressure in them. However, alongside with the positive situation in water consumption in the water supply system of St. Petersburg two contrary trends have emerged that favour the increase in wastewater disposal amount: increase in wastewater inflow during the rainy season and increase of general coefficients of wastewater disposal irregularity. The contradiction emerged between the safety requirements of the branch law «On water supply and wastewater disposal», the requirements of the law «On environmental protection» related to the accidental wastewater discharge and wastewater treatment level on one side, and the changed operation conditions (increased developed land, off-design rains, increased irregularity coefficients) on the other side. Because of this meeting the requirements of the legislation and government regulations in the process of the operation of the wastewater disposal system of St. Petersburg that was basically designed and built many years ago actually is not possible. Under current conditions when the large-scale upgrade of the wastewater disposal system of the megacity is not possible the optimal resolution of the above-mentioned conflict is establishing the system of the municipal wastewater disposal system control. This will provide for solving a number of optimization tasks with criteria stated in the branch law in the form of indicators of reliability, quality, energy efficiency.
Key words
wastewater , Emergency dump , reliability , water supply system , water disposal system , network zoning , coefficient of wastewater disposal irregularity
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UDC 628.35:66.081.63
Murashev S. V., Solov'eva E. V., Shilova N. K.
The experience of wastewater treatment technology approbation on the basis of a membrane bioreactor
Summary
The results of testing two low-capacity pilot plants for wastewater treatment with the use of different process flow schemes: with a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and a secondary settling tank are presented. MBR technology provides for combining micro- and ultrafiltration with aerobic biological treatment of wastewater. On the basis of the obtained experimental data it is shown that the plant with the membrane bioreactor provides for higher treatment performances, chemical-free advanced phosphorus removal, sustained quality of discharged effluent and high efficiency of removing substances resistant to oxidation. The main drawback of the MBR technology is the need for regeneration of membranes with high efficiency that additionally complicates the process control. The data on the membrane throughput capacity varying depending on the bioreactor running time and efficiency of chemical regeneration of membranes is presented.
Key words
wastewater , water disposal , membrane bioreactor , local treatment facilities , chemical-free treatment
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UDC 628.16.066.1
Balaev I. S., Kuchma G. G., Mel'nikov I. A., Repkin M. V., Khanlarov G. V.
The experience of introducing dynamic clarifiers in natural and wastewater treatment
Summary
The experience of introducing the technology of purifying natural and wastewater to the regulated quality parameters in dynamic clarifiers and dual-media mechanical filters is presented. The technology and related equipment have been developed by the experts of CJSC NPE «United Water Technologies» (Moscow). Dynamic clarifier is the result of upgrading
traditional filters with floating filter media and contact clarifiers. Upgrading included improving upper and bottom drainage distribution devices, and using granulated floating inert filter media (3–5 mm grain size, density 0.8–0.9 g/cm3) based on polymer materials (polyethylene, polypropylene etc) which was characterized by high mechanical strength and, respectively, by long lifetime. The process flow scheme of the Novokuznetsk aluminium smelter (RUSAL Company) wastewater treatment is considered. Industrial effluent of the plant is recycling and used in cooling the basic process equipment as well in manufacturing products and chemicals. In order to further promote the technology of dynamic clarification the dynamic clarification filter was patented. It is a dual-chamber apparatus consisting of an upper primary treatment chamber and a bottom fine treatment chamber. The principle of operation is in preliminary dosing coagulant and flocculant into incoming water and upward water flow filtering through the primary treatment chamber with INERT® floating inter filter media (3–5 mm grain size), and further filtering through the fine treatment chamber with coarse-grained hydro-anthracite (1.2–2.5 mm grain size) (upper layer) and fine grained (0.6–1.2 mm) quartz sand (bottom layer). The first results of introducing dynamic water clarification prove that it is more efficient and cost-effective compared to the traditional technologies of natural and wastewater treatment.
Key words
wastewater , surface water , dynamic clarification filter , dynamic clarifier , mechanical filter , pressure contact tank , inert filter media
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UDC 628.339.066.1
Balaev I. S., Kemenov Iu. V., Murzin A. V., Spiridonov N. E., Balaeva L. I.
The experience of introducing DYСLAR dynamic clarification technology in natural and wastewater treatment
Summary
The experience of introducing innovative home dynamic clarification technology on the basis of dynamic clarifiers and dynamic clarifying filters in natural and wastewater treatment is described. The technology and relative equipment have been developed by the specialists of «Integrated Water Technologies» Company (Moscow). The principle of the dynamic clarifier operation is based on the technology of contact coagulation in a pressure filter with floating media. The specific feature of the dynamic clarifier is the availability of improved upper and lower drain-distributing devices and also granulated INERT media manufactured on the basis of polymer materials and characterized by high mechanical strength and, consequently, long lifetime. By the example of the Novokuznetsk aluminum smelter the results of industrial and storm wastewater treatment with the use of clarified effluent in the in-plant recirculation system are presented. By the example of a petrochemical plant (Pavlodar city, Kazakhstan) the experience of introducing a dynamic clarifying filter that combines in one apparatus the functions of a dynamic clarifier and a mechanical filter with heavy granular media is described. The advantages of using aluminium polyoxychloride as a coagulant compared with aluminium sulfate for DYСLAR technology are presented. The experience of introducing the given technology of water clarification confirms its undeniable advantages compared to the foreign prototypes and allows designating it as best available technologies.
Key words
wastewater , surface water , dynamic clarification filter , dynamic clarifier , mechanical filter , pressure contact tank , inert filter media , DYСLAR water dynamic clarification technology , double-layer media
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DOI 10.35776/VST.2021.01.06
UDC 628.166
Ponomarenko A. M., Vlasov Dmitrii, Basov N. S., Novikov S. N., Koudryavtsev N. N., Kostyuchenko S. V.
Experience in introducing UV disinfection of effluents at operating extremely large-scale treatment facilities
Summary
The experience of Mosvodokanal JSC in introducing the technology of effluent disinfection is presented. The paper describes the problem, typical for the Moscow treatment facilities, of ensuring the effluent disinfection in line with the regulatory requirements. The results of long-term experimental-industrial and pilot tests for the UV-disinfection of wastewater after biological treatment carried out at the Kurianovskie wastewater treatment facilities using domestic UV equipment, revealed the high efficiency and stability of disinfection up to the standard requirements under conditions of actual fluctuations in the physical and chemical indicators of wastewater quality. The high efficiency of UV disinfection in relation to specific microorganisms, resistant to chlorination, such as viruses, coliphages, protozoan cysts, has been established. The tests carried out provided for evaluating the effectiveness of UV disinfection and developing a concept for the application of UV disinfection at the Moscow wastewater treatment facilities.
Key words
disinfection , ultraviolet , wastewater , viruses , toxicity , UV-plant , operation experience
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UDC 628.31.004.69
Rublevskaya O. N., Probirsky M. D., Lysova Tat’iana, Malysheva V. V.
The experience of the North wastewater treatment plant development and upgrade
Summary
The 25-year experience of operating and developing the North wastewater treatment plant in Saint-Petersburg is described. The stages of upgrading the wastewater treatment plant are presented: the first stage – complying with the Helsinki Recommendations on Baltic Marine Environment Protection (HELCOM) with regard to elimination of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) from wastewater; the second stage – step-by-step 100% treatment of municipal wastewater from the combined sewage system by 2015 to comply with the HELCOM regulatory guidelines; the third stage – reduction of the volume and utilization of wastewater sludge. The improvement of the wastewater treatment plant provided for the upgrade of the facilities and equipment for wastewater mechanical treatment, sludge disposal, pretreatment of sludge mix before dewatering and other measures.
Key words
wastewater , nitri-denitrification , aeration tank , grate , grit chamber , sludge incineration , air blower , chemical phosphorus removal
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